Condoms: How to Use Them Correctly for STI & Pregnancy Protection

What Are Condoms and How Do They Work?

A condom is a thin, flexible barrier device worn over the penis during sexual intercourse. It works by creating a physical barrier that prevents sperm from entering the vagina, uterus, and fallopian tubes, and also blocks the exchange of bodily fluids that can transmit sexually transmitted infections.

Condoms have been used for centuries as a method of contraception and disease prevention, with the modern latex condom developed in the 1920s. Today, they remain one of the most accessible, affordable, and effective forms of protection available. Understanding how condoms work helps explain why proper use is so important for their effectiveness.

The primary mechanism of action is straightforward: the condom acts as a physical barrier. During ejaculation, semen is collected in the reservoir tip of the condom rather than being deposited in the vagina. This prevents sperm from reaching and fertilizing an egg. Simultaneously, the barrier prevents direct contact between the skin and mucous membranes of both partners, significantly reducing the risk of transmitting infections.

Modern condoms are rigorously tested during manufacturing to ensure they meet strict quality standards. Each condom undergoes electronic testing for holes and weak spots, and batches are randomly tested for strength and durability. This quality control means that when condoms fail, it is almost always due to user error rather than manufacturing defects - which is why learning proper technique is so valuable.

Materials Used in Condoms

Most condoms are made from latex, a natural rubber that is highly elastic, durable, and provides excellent protection against both pregnancy and STIs. Latex condoms are the most thoroughly studied and have the strongest evidence for effectiveness. However, some people have latex allergies, and for them, alternative materials are available.

Polyurethane condoms are made from a type of plastic. They are thinner than latex, which some users prefer for increased sensation, and they conduct heat better. They are compatible with all types of lubricants, including oil-based products. However, they are slightly less elastic than latex, which may make them more prone to slipping.

Polyisoprene condoms are made from synthetic rubber and offer a feel similar to latex without the latex proteins that cause allergic reactions. They provide the same level of protection as latex condoms but, like latex, should not be used with oil-based lubricants.

It is worth noting that lambskin (natural membrane) condoms also exist. While they are effective at preventing pregnancy, they have tiny pores that may allow viruses, including HIV and hepatitis, to pass through. Therefore, they are not recommended for STI prevention.

How Do You Use a Condom Correctly?

To use a condom correctly: check the expiration date, carefully open the package, determine which way it unrolls, pinch the tip to remove air, place on the erect penis and roll down to the base, add lubricant if needed, and after ejaculation withdraw while holding the base before the penis becomes soft.

Proper condom use is the single most important factor in determining effectiveness. Studies consistently show that most condom failures - including breakage, slippage, and leakage - are related to incorrect use rather than product defects. Taking the time to learn and practice the correct technique can dramatically improve protection.

Before you even open a condom, there are important checks to make. First, verify the expiration date printed on the wrapper - expired condoms may have weakened material that is more prone to breaking. Feel the wrapper to ensure there is an air pocket inside, indicating the package is intact. Examine the wrapper for any tears, holes, or signs of damage. If anything seems wrong, use a different condom.

Step-by-Step Instructions

1. Open the package carefully: Tear along the serrated edge of the wrapper. Never use your teeth, scissors, or sharp objects, as these can damage the condom. Push the condom away from the edge before tearing to avoid accidentally cutting it.
2. Check the direction: The condom should unroll easily in one direction only. It should look like a small hat with the rolled rim on the outside. If you start to put it on the wrong way and it does not unroll, throw it away and use a new one - pre-ejaculatory fluid may have contaminated it.
3. Pinch the tip: Hold the reservoir tip between your thumb and finger to squeeze out any air. This leaves room for semen and helps prevent the condom from breaking. If the condom does not have a reservoir tip, leave about half an inch of space at the end.
4. Place on the erect penis: With the tip still pinched, place the condom on the head of the fully erect penis. The condom should only be put on when the penis is erect.
5. Roll it down: Unroll the condom all the way down to the base of the penis. Smooth out any air bubbles, which can cause the condom to break during intercourse.
6. Add lubricant if desired: A small amount of water-based or silicone-based lubricant can reduce friction and decrease the risk of the condom breaking. Apply lubricant to the outside of the condom. Never use oil-based products with latex condoms.
7. After ejaculation: Withdraw while the penis is still erect, holding the base of the condom firmly to prevent it from slipping off. Carefully remove the condom away from your partner to avoid spillage.
8. Dispose properly: Wrap the used condom in tissue and dispose of it in the trash. Never flush condoms down the toilet, as they can clog plumbing and are harmful to the environment. Never reuse a condom.

How Effective Are Condoms at Preventing Pregnancy and STIs?

With perfect use, condoms are 98% effective at preventing pregnancy - meaning 2 out of 100 people will become pregnant over a year. With typical use (including occasional mistakes), effectiveness drops to about 87%. For HIV prevention, consistent condom use reduces transmission risk by 90-95%.

Understanding condom effectiveness requires distinguishing between "perfect use" and "typical use." Perfect use refers to using a condom correctly every single time you have sex. Typical use accounts for the reality that people sometimes make mistakes - putting the condom on incorrectly, not using one for every act of intercourse, or experiencing breakage or slippage.

The difference between these two figures - 98% for perfect use versus 87% for typical use - highlights how much correct technique matters. The good news is that by learning proper condom use and being consistent, you can achieve effectiveness rates much closer to the perfect use figure.

Pregnancy Prevention

When used perfectly every time, male condoms prevent pregnancy in 98% of cases over a year of use. This means that of 100 couples using condoms perfectly for one year, only 2 would experience an unintended pregnancy. With typical use, about 13 out of 100 couples would become pregnant over a year.

Condom effectiveness can be enhanced by combining them with other contraceptive methods. Using condoms together with hormonal contraception (such as the pill, patch, or IUD) provides extremely high protection against pregnancy while maintaining the STI protection that only condoms offer. This approach is sometimes called "dual protection" or "belt and suspenders."

STI Prevention

Condoms provide excellent protection against STIs that are transmitted through bodily fluids, including:

• HIV: Consistent condom use reduces HIV transmission risk by approximately 90-95%
• Gonorrhea: Condoms significantly reduce transmission risk
• Chlamydia: Highly effective at preventing transmission
• Hepatitis B: Condoms reduce transmission risk substantially
• Trichomoniasis: Condoms are effective at preventing transmission

For STIs that can be transmitted through skin-to-skin contact, condoms provide partial but not complete protection. This includes herpes, HPV (human papillomavirus), and syphilis. These infections can affect areas not covered by the condom. However, using condoms still significantly reduces the risk compared to unprotected sex, and they remain an important component of STI prevention.

What Types of Condoms Are Available?

Condoms come in various sizes (snug fit, regular, large), materials (latex, polyurethane, polyisoprene), textures (ribbed, dotted, smooth), and features (ultra-thin, extra-thick, flavored, lubricated). Finding the right type can improve comfort, pleasure, and consistent use.

The variety of condoms available today means there is likely an option that suits everyone's preferences and needs. Experimenting with different types can help you find condoms that feel comfortable and enjoyable, which in turn encourages consistent use.

Condom Sizes

Condoms are designed to be stretchy and accommodate a range of sizes, but using the right size improves both comfort and effectiveness. A condom that is too tight may be uncomfortable and more likely to break, while one that is too loose may slip off. Most condoms are designed to fit average-sized penises, but snug-fit and larger options are widely available.

If you experience problems with condoms breaking or slipping, consider trying a different size. Many brands list dimensions on their packaging. Width (measured when flat) is typically more important than length for achieving a good fit.

Textures and Features

Many condoms feature added textures designed to enhance sensation for one or both partners. Ribbed condoms have raised ridges along the shaft. Dotted or studded condoms have small bumps. Some condoms combine both textures. These variations are personal preference - some people enjoy them while others prefer smooth condoms.

Ultra-thin condoms are designed to feel more natural while still providing protection. Modern manufacturing has made it possible to create very thin condoms that still meet safety standards. Extra-thick condoms are also available, which some people prefer for anal sex or for increased peace of mind.

Lubricated condoms come with lubricant already applied, making them ready for immediate use. Most lubricated condoms use water-based or silicone-based lubricant. Some also contain spermicide, though condoms without spermicide are generally recommended as spermicide can cause irritation and may actually increase infection risk with frequent use.

Flavored condoms are designed for oral sex. They come in various flavors and can make protected oral sex more enjoyable. However, flavored condoms should not be used for vaginal or anal sex, as the flavoring agents may cause irritation.

Non-Latex Options

For those with latex allergies, several alternatives exist. Polyurethane condoms are thinner and conduct heat better than latex, which some users prefer. Polyisoprene condoms feel similar to latex but do not contain the proteins that cause allergic reactions. Both materials provide equivalent protection to latex when used correctly.

Which Lubricants Are Safe to Use with Condoms?

Use water-based or silicone-based lubricants with latex and polyisoprene condoms. Never use oil-based products (like petroleum jelly, baby oil, or coconut oil) with latex condoms as they break down the material within minutes. Polyurethane condoms are compatible with all lubricant types.

Lubricant can significantly improve comfort during sex and reduce the risk of condom breakage by minimizing friction. However, using the wrong type of lubricant with certain condoms can compromise their integrity and lead to failure. Understanding which lubricants are compatible with different condom materials is essential for safe use.

Water-Based Lubricants

Water-based lubricants are the safest choice for all types of condoms. They are easy to clean up, do not stain fabrics, and are compatible with latex, polyisoprene, and polyurethane condoms. The main disadvantage is that they may dry out during extended use and need to be reapplied. They can be reactivated with a little water or saliva.

Silicone-Based Lubricants

Silicone-based lubricants last longer than water-based options and do not dry out, making them a good choice for extended sessions or for use in water. They are safe for use with all condom materials. However, they can be more difficult to wash off and may damage silicone-based sex toys.

Oil-Based Products to Avoid

Oil-based lubricants and products should never be used with latex or polyisoprene condoms. Oil breaks down latex rapidly - laboratory studies show that mineral oil can reduce condom strength by over 90% within just 60 seconds of contact. Products to avoid include:

• Petroleum jelly (Vaseline)
• Baby oil and mineral oil
• Coconut oil and other cooking oils
• Body lotions and hand creams
• Massage oils
• Butter and margarine

Polyurethane condoms can be used with any type of lubricant, including oil-based products. If you prefer oil-based lubricants, using polyurethane condoms is an option.

How Should Condoms Be Stored?

Store condoms in a cool, dry place at room temperature, away from direct sunlight, heat sources, and sharp objects. Avoid storing condoms in wallets for extended periods due to heat and friction damage. Always check the expiration date before use and discard any condoms that appear brittle, sticky, or discolored.

Proper storage is essential for maintaining condom integrity. Heat, light, and physical stress can all degrade condom material over time, making properly stored condoms more reliable when you need them.

The ideal storage location is somewhere cool and dry, at room temperature (around 20-25 degrees Celsius or 68-77 degrees Fahrenheit). Good locations include a bedside drawer, a closet shelf, or a medicine cabinet. Avoid storing condoms in places that get hot, such as car glove compartments, or in direct sunlight.

While it is convenient to carry a condom in your wallet or pocket so you have one available, these locations subject condoms to body heat, friction, and pressure that can damage them over time. If you carry a condom this way, replace it with a fresh one every month, even if the original is not used.

Checking Condom Condition

Before using any condom, check for signs of damage or deterioration:

• Expiration date: Condoms have a shelf life, typically 3-5 years from manufacture. Never use an expired condom.
• Package condition: The wrapper should be intact with no tears or holes. You should feel an air pocket when you squeeze the package.
• Condom appearance: A healthy condom should be uniform in color and texture. Discard condoms that appear dried out, sticky, brittle, discolored, or have an unusual smell.

What Are Common Mistakes When Using Condoms?

The most common condom mistakes include: putting the condom on the wrong way then flipping it, not leaving space at the tip, using oil-based lubricants with latex, not using condoms from start to finish, improper storage, and using expired or damaged condoms. Avoiding these mistakes significantly improves protection.

Understanding common mistakes helps you avoid them. Research on condom use errors has identified several frequent problems that reduce effectiveness. By being aware of these issues, you can ensure you get the maximum protection condoms offer.

Application Errors

Putting it on wrong side up: If you start unrolling a condom on the wrong side and then flip it over, pre-ejaculatory fluid may have already contaminated the outside. This fluid can contain sperm and STI pathogens. Always use a new condom if you make this mistake.

Not pinching the tip: Failing to squeeze the air out of the reservoir tip is one of the most common errors. Air trapped in the tip creates pressure that can cause the condom to break during ejaculation. Always pinch the tip before rolling the condom on.

Not unrolling completely: The condom should be rolled all the way down to the base of the penis. Condoms that are only partially unrolled are more likely to slip off during intercourse.

Timing Errors

Late application: Putting the condom on after intercourse has begun leaves you unprotected during that time. Pre-ejaculatory fluid can contain both sperm and STI pathogens. Put the condom on before any genital contact.

Early removal: Removing the condom before ejaculation or before withdrawing defeats its purpose. The condom should stay on until after ejaculation, and you should withdraw while holding the base immediately after.

Not withdrawing promptly: After ejaculation, the penis begins to lose its erection. If you wait too long to withdraw, the condom may slip off and spill its contents. Hold the base and withdraw while still erect.

Other Common Issues

Using the wrong lubricant: Oil-based products destroy latex condoms quickly. Even products you might not think of as lubricants, like hand lotion or certain medications, can cause problems.

Reusing condoms: Condoms are strictly single-use. Even if you have not ejaculated, the condom may have microscopic tears or contamination. Use a new condom every time, including if you switch between vaginal, anal, and oral sex.

Using two condoms: Wearing two condoms at once (either two male condoms or a male and female condom together) creates friction between them that makes breakage more likely, not less. One properly used condom provides the best protection.

What Should You Do If a Condom Breaks?

If a condom breaks during sex: stop immediately, and if pregnancy is a concern, seek emergency contraception (effective up to 72-120 hours after). Consider STI testing if your partner's status is unknown. For future prevention, ensure correct condom use and adequate lubrication.

Despite proper use, condoms occasionally break. Knowing what to do if this happens can help minimize potential consequences and reduce anxiety. The most important thing is to act promptly.

Immediate Steps

If you notice a condom has broken during intercourse, stop immediately. While it is natural to feel concerned, try to stay calm and take practical steps:

1. The receptive partner may want to urinate, which can help flush the urethra and reduce the risk of urinary tract infections. However, do not douche - this does not prevent pregnancy or STIs and can actually push pathogens deeper into the reproductive tract or cause irritation.
2. If pregnancy prevention is a concern, consider emergency contraception as soon as possible. The sooner it is taken, the more effective it is.

Emergency Contraception Options

Emergency contraceptive pills (morning-after pill) are available over the counter at pharmacies in many countries. Levonorgestrel-based pills (such as Plan B) are most effective within 72 hours but can work up to 120 hours after intercourse. Ulipristal acetate (such as ella) can be taken up to 120 hours after intercourse and maintains its effectiveness better during the later days, but may require a prescription.

The copper IUD is the most effective form of emergency contraception when inserted within 5 days of unprotected sex, preventing over 99% of expected pregnancies. It has the added benefit of providing ongoing contraception for up to 10-12 years. A healthcare provider must insert it.

STI Considerations

If there is concern about STI exposure, consider getting tested. Many STIs do not show symptoms immediately, so testing may need to be done at specific intervals after exposure:

• HIV: Test at 2-4 weeks for early detection; confirm at 3 months
• Chlamydia and gonorrhea: Test at 2 weeks after exposure
• Syphilis: Test at 3-6 weeks after exposure

If there is a high risk of HIV exposure (for example, if your partner is known to be HIV-positive or if you are in a high-prevalence area), post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) may be an option. PEP must be started within 72 hours of exposure, ideally as soon as possible, and involves taking antiretroviral medications for 28 days. Contact a healthcare provider, sexual health clinic, or emergency room immediately if you think you may need PEP.

Where Can You Get Condoms?

Condoms are widely available at pharmacies, supermarkets, convenience stores, and online retailers. Many sexual health clinics, family planning centers, and community organizations provide free condoms. Some schools and universities also distribute condoms through health services or vending machines.

One of the great advantages of condoms is their accessibility. Unlike many other forms of contraception, condoms do not require a prescription or medical appointment. They can be purchased discreetly and used immediately.

Retail Locations

Condoms are sold at most pharmacies and drugstores, often without needing to ask a staff member. Supermarkets, grocery stores, and large retail chains typically stock condoms in the health and personal care section. Convenience stores and gas stations often carry them as well, though selection may be more limited.

Online Purchasing

Online retailers offer the widest selection of condom brands, sizes, and types. Purchasing online can be more private and often more economical, especially when buying in larger quantities. Many sexual health organizations also sell condoms online, sometimes at reduced prices.

Free Condom Programs

Many communities offer free condoms through various programs:

• Sexual health clinics and STI testing centers typically provide free condoms
• Family planning clinics offer condoms along with other contraceptive services
• Community health centers often have free condoms available
• LGBTQ+ community centers frequently distribute free condoms
• University and college health services commonly provide free condoms to students
• Some bars and nightclubs have free condom dispensers in restrooms

Taking advantage of free condom programs can help ensure cost is never a barrier to safer sex. These programs exist because public health organizations recognize the value of condom use in preventing both unintended pregnancies and STI transmission.