Trileptal: Uses, Dosage & Side Effects
An antiepileptic (anticonvulsant) medication containing oxcarbazepine, used to treat partial seizures in adults and children aged 6 years and older
Trileptal (oxcarbazepine) is a widely prescribed antiepileptic drug used for the treatment of partial (focal) seizures with or without secondary generalization. It belongs to the carboxamide family of anticonvulsants and works primarily by blocking voltage-sensitive sodium channels in the brain, which stabilizes overexcited neural membranes and prevents the abnormal electrical activity that causes seizures. Trileptal can be used as monotherapy or in combination with other antiepileptic drugs in adults and children aged 6 years and older. Compared to the closely related drug carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine offers a more favorable drug interaction profile and is generally better tolerated, making it a preferred first-line option for many patients with focal epilepsy.
Quick Facts: Trileptal
Key Takeaways
- Trileptal (oxcarbazepine) is an effective antiepileptic drug for partial seizures in adults and children from 6 years of age, used either alone or with other antiepileptic medications.
- It works by blocking voltage-sensitive sodium channels, stabilizing overexcited nerve cells and reducing abnormal electrical activity in the brain.
- Hyponatremia (low blood sodium) is a clinically important side effect that requires regular blood monitoring, especially in elderly patients and those on diuretics.
- Trileptal can reduce the effectiveness of hormonal contraceptives — women should use additional or alternative birth control methods.
- Never stop taking Trileptal abruptly, as this can trigger increased seizure frequency or status epilepticus. Dose reduction should always be gradual under medical supervision.
What Is Trileptal and What Is It Used For?
Quick Answer: Trileptal (oxcarbazepine) is an antiepileptic medication that treats partial (focal) seizures in adults and children aged 6 and older. It works by blocking sodium channels in the brain to prevent abnormal electrical activity that causes seizures.
Trileptal contains the active substance oxcarbazepine, which belongs to a group of medications called anticonvulsants or antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). These medications are the standard treatment for epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain.
Under normal circumstances, brain cells (neurons) coordinate body movements and functions by sending organized electrical signals through the nervous system. In epilepsy, neurons fire excessive, disorganized electrical signals, which can result in uncoordinated muscle activity known as an epileptic seizure. The nature and severity of seizures depend on where in the brain the abnormal activity originates and how far it spreads.
Trileptal is specifically indicated for the treatment of partial (focal) seizures with or without secondary generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Partial seizures originate in a specific area of the brain but can sometimes spread to involve the entire brain, resulting in a generalized tonic-clonic seizure (formerly known as a grand mal seizure). There are two types of partial seizures: simple partial seizures, where the person remains fully conscious, and complex partial seizures, where consciousness is impaired.
How Does Trileptal Work?
Oxcarbazepine exerts its antiepileptic effect primarily through voltage-sensitive sodium channel blockade. By binding to sodium channels in their inactive state, it stabilizes hyperexcited neural membranes, inhibits repetitive neuronal firing, and reduces the propagation of abnormal electrical impulses between brain cells. This mechanism effectively suppresses or reduces the frequency of seizures without completely shutting down normal brain activity.
Additionally, increased potassium conductance and modulation of high-voltage activated calcium channels may contribute to the overall anticonvulsant effect. After oral administration, oxcarbazepine is rapidly and extensively converted to its pharmacologically active metabolite, the 10-monohydroxy derivative (MHD), which is primarily responsible for the therapeutic effect. MHD has a half-life of approximately 9 hours, allowing for twice-daily dosing.
Monotherapy and Combination Therapy
Trileptal can be used either as monotherapy (the sole antiepileptic medication) or as adjunctive therapy (in combination with other antiepileptic drugs). Your doctor will typically try to find a single medication that provides adequate seizure control. However, in more severe or drug-resistant epilepsy, a combination of two or more antiepileptic drugs may be necessary to achieve optimal seizure management.
Trileptal is approved for use in adults and children aged 6 years and older. For younger children who cannot swallow tablets, an oral suspension formulation is available. The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recognize oxcarbazepine as an effective first-line or adjunctive treatment option for focal epilepsy.
What Should You Know Before Taking Trileptal?
Quick Answer: Do not take Trileptal if you are allergic to oxcarbazepine or eslicarbazepine. Important precautions include monitoring for hyponatremia, potential cross-sensitivity with carbamazepine (25% risk), and the need for alternative contraception as Trileptal can reduce hormonal contraceptive effectiveness.
Contraindications
You must not take Trileptal if you are allergic (hypersensitive) to oxcarbazepine, eslicarbazepine, or any of the other ingredients in the medication. If you believe you may be allergic, consult your doctor before starting treatment. Allergic reactions to oxcarbazepine can include skin rash, swelling of the lips, eyelids, face, throat, or mouth, and difficulty breathing.
Warnings and Precautions
Talk to your doctor or pharmacist before taking Trileptal if any of the following apply to you:
- History of hypersensitivity to carbamazepine: If you have previously shown signs of hypersensitivity (rash or other allergic symptoms) to carbamazepine, there is approximately a 25% chance (1 in 4 patients) that you will also experience an allergic reaction to oxcarbazepine. This cross-sensitivity occurs because the two drugs share a similar chemical structure.
- Kidney disease: Oxcarbazepine and its active metabolite are primarily excreted by the kidneys. Patients with impaired renal function may require a lower starting dose and more careful dose titration.
- Severe liver disease: Although oxcarbazepine undergoes less hepatic metabolism than carbamazepine, patients with severe liver impairment may need dose adjustments.
- Diuretic medications: Taking diuretics (water pills) alongside Trileptal increases the risk of hyponatremia (low blood sodium levels).
- Heart disease or fluid retention: If you have heart disease, shortness of breath, or swelling of the feet or legs due to fluid retention, Trileptal may worsen these conditions through its effects on sodium and water balance.
- Low blood sodium: If blood tests have previously shown low sodium levels, you are at increased risk of hyponatremia during treatment with Trileptal.
- Hormonal contraceptives: Trileptal can make hormonal contraceptives (birth control pills, patches, implants) less effective. Use an additional or alternative non-hormonal contraceptive method while taking Trileptal. Contact your doctor immediately if you experience breakthrough bleeding or irregular menstruation.
- Allergic reactions: swollen lips, eyelids, face, throat, or mouth; difficulty breathing; fever with swollen lymph nodes; rash or blistering of the skin
- Signs of liver disease: jaundice (yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes)
- Increased seizure frequency, which is particularly important in children but can also occur in adults
- Symptoms of blood disorders: unusual tiredness, shortness of breath with minimal exertion, pallor, frequent infections with fever, sore throat, mouth ulcers, easy bruising or bleeding, nosebleeds, or unexplained skin spots
- Thoughts of self-harm or suicide — a small number of people treated with antiepileptic drugs have experienced suicidal thoughts
- Rapid, unusually slow, or irregular heartbeat
Patients of Han Chinese or Thai descent have an increased risk of serious skin reactions (Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis) associated with carbamazepine and chemically related substances, including oxcarbazepine. This risk can be assessed through a blood test (HLA-B*1502 genotyping) before starting treatment. Your doctor should determine whether genetic testing is necessary.
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
If you are pregnant, think you may be pregnant, or are planning to become pregnant, talk to your doctor before taking Trileptal. It is essential that seizures remain controlled during pregnancy, but taking antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy may carry risks to the developing baby.
Birth defects: Studies have not demonstrated a clearly increased risk of major birth defects with oxcarbazepine compared to the general population; however, a risk cannot be entirely excluded. Research data on oxcarbazepine in pregnancy is more limited than for some older antiepileptic drugs.
Neurodevelopmental effects: Some studies have suggested that oxcarbazepine may negatively affect brain development (neurodevelopment) in children exposed during pregnancy, while other studies have not found such effects. The possibility of an adverse effect on the child's neurodevelopment cannot be ruled out.
Birth weight: Use of Trileptal during pregnancy may result in smaller babies with lower-than-expected birth weight (small for gestational age). In one study, approximately 15 out of 100 babies born to mothers taking oxcarbazepine were smaller than expected, compared to about 11 out of 100 babies born to women not taking antiepileptic medication.
Your doctor will discuss the benefits and potential risks of treatment and help you decide whether to continue Trileptal during pregnancy. Do not stop taking Trileptal during pregnancy without first consulting your doctor, as uncontrolled seizures pose a serious risk to both mother and baby.
Breastfeeding: Oxcarbazepine and its active metabolite pass into breast milk. Although available data suggest that the amount transferred to a breastfed infant is low, the possibility of adverse effects in the nursing infant cannot be excluded. Consult your doctor before breastfeeding while taking Trileptal. Contact your doctor immediately if you notice excessive sleepiness or poor weight gain in your breastfed baby.
Driving and Operating Machinery
Trileptal may cause drowsiness, dizziness, blurred vision, double vision, lack of muscle coordination, or decreased alertness, particularly at the start of treatment or when the dose is increased. These effects can impair your ability to drive or operate machinery safely. Discuss with your doctor whether it is safe for you to drive or perform activities requiring full alertness while taking this medication.
Children and Adolescents
Your doctor may recommend monitoring thyroid function before and during treatment in children, as oxcarbazepine may affect thyroid hormone levels. Trileptal is approved for children aged 6 years and older. For children who cannot swallow tablets, an oral suspension is available.
How Does Trileptal Interact with Other Drugs?
Quick Answer: Trileptal has clinically important interactions with hormonal contraceptives (reduced effectiveness), other antiepileptic drugs, lithium, immunosuppressants, and medications that lower sodium levels. Always inform your doctor about all medications you are taking.
Oxcarbazepine and its active metabolite MHD are moderate inducers of the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP3A4 and inhibitors of CYP2C19. This means Trileptal can affect the metabolism of other drugs processed through these pathways, and its own levels can be affected by other enzyme-inducing or enzyme-inhibiting medications. The interaction profile of oxcarbazepine is generally more favorable than that of carbamazepine, which is a potent inducer of multiple CYP enzymes.
Major Interactions
| Drug / Drug Class | Effect of Interaction | Clinical Advice |
|---|---|---|
| Hormonal contraceptives (pills, patches, implants) | Reduced contraceptive effectiveness due to CYP3A4 induction | Use additional or alternative non-hormonal contraception |
| Carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital | Reduced oxcarbazepine levels; may alter levels of co-administered AEDs | Monitor seizure control and drug levels; dose adjustment may be needed |
| Lamotrigine | Reduced lamotrigine plasma levels when combined with oxcarbazepine | Monitor lamotrigine levels; dose increase may be required |
| Cyclosporine, tacrolimus | Reduced immunosuppressant levels due to enzyme induction | Monitor blood levels of immunosuppressant; dose adjustment may be necessary |
| Lithium | Enhanced neurotoxicity risk; possible additive effects on sodium levels | Monitor lithium levels and sodium closely |
Other Notable Interactions
| Drug / Drug Class | Effect of Interaction | Clinical Advice |
|---|---|---|
| Diuretics (water pills) | Increased risk of hyponatremia (low sodium) | Regular sodium monitoring recommended |
| Desmopressin | Increased risk of hyponatremia and water retention | Monitor sodium levels closely |
| NSAIDs (e.g., indomethacin, ibuprofen) | Increased risk of hyponatremia | Use with caution; monitor sodium if used long-term |
| MAO inhibitors | Theoretical risk of increased side effects | Inform your doctor; use with caution |
| Rifampicin | Reduced oxcarbazepine plasma levels due to potent enzyme induction | Dose adjustment of Trileptal may be needed |
Alcohol may enhance the sedative effects of Trileptal, increasing drowsiness and impairing coordination. Avoid or minimize alcohol consumption while taking this medication. Discuss with your doctor if you have questions about alcohol use.
Trileptal can be taken with or without food. Food does not significantly affect the absorption or bioavailability of oxcarbazepine.
What Is the Correct Dosage of Trileptal?
Quick Answer: The usual adult starting dose is 600 mg daily (300 mg twice daily), gradually increased to a maintenance dose of 600–2,400 mg daily. Children's doses are calculated by body weight. Always follow your doctor's prescribed dosing regimen.
Always take Trileptal exactly as your doctor or pharmacist has told you. The dose is individualized based on your clinical response, tolerability, and whether you are taking other antiepileptic medications. Your doctor will typically start with a low dose and gradually increase it to minimize side effects while achieving optimal seizure control.
Adults (Including Elderly Patients)
Standard Adult Dosing
- Starting dose: 600 mg per day, taken as 300 mg twice daily (or two 150 mg tablets twice daily)
- Dose titration: Your doctor may increase the dose gradually (typically by 600 mg/day at weekly intervals) to find the optimal dose for you
- Maintenance dose: Usually between 600 mg and 2,400 mg per day
- Maximum dose: 2,400 mg per day
The dosage is the same whether Trileptal is used as monotherapy or in combination with other antiepileptic drugs. If you have kidney disease (impaired renal function), your starting dose should be half the usual starting dose (300 mg/day), with slower dose titration. If you have severe liver disease, your doctor may adjust the dosage accordingly.
Children and Adolescents (6 Years and Older)
Pediatric Dosing (Weight-Based)
- Starting dose: 8–10 mg per kg body weight per day, divided into two doses
- Example: A 30 kg child would start with one 150 mg tablet twice daily (300 mg/day)
- Maintenance dose: Approximately 30 mg per kg body weight per day
- Maximum dose: 46 mg per kg body weight per day
For children who cannot swallow tablets, an oral suspension formulation is available.
Elderly Patients
Elderly patients may take Trileptal at the same starting dose as younger adults (600 mg/day). However, because renal function tends to decline with age, elderly patients are at greater risk of developing hyponatremia. Your doctor may recommend starting at a lower dose and monitoring sodium levels more frequently. Dose titration should be gradual, and careful attention should be paid to any signs of sodium imbalance such as confusion, lethargy, or worsening seizures.
How to Take Trileptal
Swallow the tablets with a little water. The tablets have a score line that allows them to be divided in half for easier swallowing, but this does not mean you should take half a dose. The score is only to help patients who have difficulty swallowing whole tablets. Take Trileptal twice daily at approximately the same times each day (e.g., morning and evening). Consistent timing helps maintain stable drug levels in your blood and maximizes the effectiveness of seizure control.
Your doctor will tell you how long you or your child should take Trileptal. The duration of treatment depends on the type and frequency of seizures. Many patients need to take antiepileptic medication for years or even lifelong to maintain seizure control. Never change the dose or stop treatment without consulting your doctor.
Missed Dose
If you forget to take a dose, take it as soon as you remember. However, if it is almost time for your next scheduled dose, skip the missed dose and continue with your regular dosing schedule. Do not take a double dose to make up for a forgotten dose. If you are unsure or have missed several doses, contact your doctor.
Overdose
If you or someone else has taken too much Trileptal, contact emergency medical services or a poison control center immediately. Symptoms of overdose may include:
- Severe drowsiness, dizziness, or loss of consciousness
- Coordination problems and involuntary eye movements (nystagmus)
- Muscle twitching or worsening of seizures
- Nausea, vomiting, and uncontrolled movements
- Double vision, blurred vision, or constricted pupils
- Respiratory depression (slow, shallow breathing)
- Irregular heart rhythm (prolonged QTc interval)
- Low blood pressure, confusion, agitation, or aggression
- Tremors, coma, or decreased consciousness
Sudden discontinuation of Trileptal can lead to a dangerous rebound increase in seizure frequency, including the risk of status epilepticus (prolonged, life-threatening seizures). If treatment needs to be stopped, your doctor will instruct you to reduce the dose gradually over a period of weeks.
What Are the Side Effects of Trileptal?
Quick Answer: The most common side effects of Trileptal include fatigue, headache, dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, and double vision. Most side effects are mild to moderate and tend to diminish over time. Serious but rare side effects include severe skin reactions, hyponatremia, and blood disorders.
Like all medicines, Trileptal can cause side effects, although not everybody gets them. Most side effects are mild to moderate and are most likely to occur at the start of treatment or during dose increases. They typically improve as your body adjusts to the medication. Below is a comprehensive overview of side effects organized by frequency.
Very Common
May affect more than 1 in 10 people
- Fatigue and tiredness
- Headache
- Dizziness
- Drowsiness (somnolence)
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Double vision (diplopia)
Common
May affect up to 1 in 10 people
- Weakness (asthenia)
- Memory problems and difficulty concentrating
- Apathy, agitation, confusion, or emotional instability
- Tremor, impaired coordination, or balance problems
- Involuntary eye movements (nystagmus)
- Blurred vision or other visual disturbances
- Depression, mood changes, or nervousness
- Constipation, diarrhea, or abdominal pain
- Acne, hair loss, or skin rash
- Weight gain or speech difficulties
Uncommon
May affect up to 1 in 100 people
- Weight gain, fatigue, hair loss, muscle weakness, feeling cold (signs of reduced thyroid function)
- High blood pressure (hypertension)
- Urticaria (hives)
- Elevated liver enzyme levels
- Falls
Rare
May affect up to 1 in 1,000 people
- Swelling of lips, eyelids, face, throat, or mouth with breathing difficulty (anaphylaxis, angioedema)
- Skin rash with fever — may indicate DRESS (Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms) or AGEP (Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis)
- Signs of blood disorders: unusual tiredness, pallor, frequent infections, easy bruising or bleeding
- Hyponatremia with confusion, lethargy, or muscle twitching (SIADH-like syndrome)
- Reduced bone mineral density, osteoporosis, or bone fractures (with long-term use)
Very Rare
May affect up to 1 in 10,000 people
- Hypersensitivity reactions with rash, fever, and joint/muscle pain
- Severe blistering of the skin and mucous membranes (Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, erythema multiforme)
- Red, patchy skin rashes especially on the face with fatigue and fever (systemic lupus erythematosus-like syndrome)
- Jaundice with flu-like symptoms (signs of liver disease or hepatitis)
- Severe upper abdominal pain with vomiting (signs of pancreatitis)
- Irregular or very fast/slow heartbeat (cardiac arrhythmias)
Your doctor will schedule regular blood tests to monitor sodium levels, blood cell counts, and liver function before and during treatment. This is especially important during the first few months of therapy, when dose adjustments are most frequent, and for patients taking concomitant medications that also affect sodium levels.
Suicidal Thoughts and Behavior
A small number of people being treated with antiepileptic medications, including Trileptal, have experienced thoughts of self-harm or suicide. If you develop such thoughts at any time during treatment, contact your doctor immediately or seek emergency medical help. It is important to note that the risk of untreated epilepsy, including the physical and psychological consequences of uncontrolled seizures, generally far outweighs this rare risk.
How Should You Store Trileptal?
Quick Answer: Store Trileptal out of the sight and reach of children, at room temperature. Do not use after the expiration date printed on the packaging. Return unused medication to a pharmacy for proper disposal.
Keep this medication out of the sight and reach of children at all times. Store at room temperature and protect from excessive heat and moisture. Do not use Trileptal after the expiration date (EXP) stated on the blister pack and the outer carton. The expiration date refers to the last day of the stated month.
Do not use this medication if the packaging is damaged or shows signs of tampering. Do not dispose of medicines via wastewater or household waste. Ask your pharmacist how to dispose of medicines no longer needed. These measures help protect the environment.
What Does Trileptal Contain?
Quick Answer: The active ingredient is oxcarbazepine, available in 150 mg, 300 mg, and 600 mg strengths. Inactive ingredients include microcrystalline cellulose, hypromellose, and various coating agents including iron oxide pigments.
Active Ingredient
- Trileptal 150 mg: Each film-coated tablet contains 150 mg oxcarbazepine
- Trileptal 300 mg: Each film-coated tablet contains 300 mg oxcarbazepine
- Trileptal 600 mg: Each film-coated tablet contains 600 mg oxcarbazepine
Inactive Ingredients
Tablet core: Colloidal anhydrous silica, microcrystalline cellulose, hypromellose, crospovidone, magnesium stearate.
Tablet coating:
- 150 mg tablet: Hypromellose, macrogol 4000, yellow iron oxide (E 172), red iron oxide (E 172), black iron oxide (E 172), talc, titanium dioxide (E 171) — light greenish-grey, oval, scored on both sides
- 300 mg tablet: Hypromellose, macrogol 8000, yellow iron oxide (E 172), talc, titanium dioxide (E 171) — yellow, oval, scored on both sides
- 600 mg tablet: Hypromellose, macrogol 4000, red iron oxide (E 172), black iron oxide (E 172), talc, titanium dioxide (E 171) — light pink, oval, scored on both sides
Trileptal film-coated tablets are available in packs of 30, 50, 100, 200, and 500 tablets. Not all pack sizes may be marketed in every country.
Frequently Asked Questions About Trileptal
Trileptal (oxcarbazepine) is an antiepileptic drug used to treat partial (focal) seizures with or without secondary generalization in adults and children aged 6 years and older. It can be used as the sole antiepileptic medication (monotherapy) or in combination with other antiepileptic drugs (adjunctive therapy). Trileptal works by stabilizing overexcited nerve cells in the brain and reducing abnormal electrical activity that causes seizures.
The most common side effects of Trileptal (occurring in more than 1 in 10 patients) include fatigue, headache, dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, and double vision. These side effects are generally mild to moderate and tend to occur mainly at the start of treatment or when the dose is increased. They usually diminish over time as the body adjusts to the medication.
Yes, Trileptal can cause hyponatremia (low blood sodium levels), which is a clinically significant side effect occurring in approximately 2–3% of patients. It is more common in elderly patients and those taking diuretics or other medications that lower sodium. Symptoms may include nausea, headache, lethargy, confusion, and in severe cases, seizures. Your doctor will monitor your sodium levels with regular blood tests during treatment.
Yes, Trileptal can reduce the effectiveness of hormonal contraceptives including birth control pills, patches, and implants. Oxcarbazepine induces certain liver enzymes (CYP3A4) that increase the metabolism of estrogen and progestogen, potentially leading to contraceptive failure. Women taking Trileptal should use an additional or alternative non-hormonal method of contraception. Discuss your contraceptive options with your healthcare provider.
Trileptal should be used during pregnancy only if the benefits outweigh the potential risks. While studies have not shown a clearly increased risk of birth defects with oxcarbazepine, the risk cannot be entirely excluded. Some studies suggest a possible effect on neurodevelopment. It is critical not to stop epilepsy medication abruptly during pregnancy, as uncontrolled seizures pose a serious risk to both mother and baby. Always discuss any changes to medication with your doctor.
Trileptal (oxcarbazepine) and Tegretol (carbamazepine) are related antiepileptic drugs with a similar mechanism of action, but they differ in important ways. Oxcarbazepine has a different metabolic pathway that generally results in fewer drug interactions and a more predictable pharmacokinetic profile. Trileptal has a lower risk of certain serious side effects such as aplastic anemia and agranulocytosis. However, both drugs can cause hyponatremia, and there is approximately a 25% cross-sensitivity for allergic reactions between the two drugs.
References
- European Medicines Agency (EMA). Trileptal — Summary of Product Characteristics. Last updated 2025. Available at: www.ema.europa.eu
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Trileptal (oxcarbazepine) — Prescribing Information. Last revised 2024. Available at: www.accessdata.fda.gov
- Marson AG, Al-Kharusi AM, Alwaidh M, et al. The SANAD study of effectiveness of carbamazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, or topiramate for treatment of partial epilepsy: an unblinded randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2007;369(9566):1000-1015. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60460-7
- International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). Updated ILAE classification of the epilepsies and treatment guidelines. Epilepsia. 2022. Available at: www.ilae.org
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Epilepsies in children, young people and adults: diagnosis and management. NICE Guideline [NG217]. Last updated 2024. Available at: www.nice.org.uk
- World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Model List of Essential Medicines — 23rd List. 2023. Available at: www.who.int
- British National Formulary (BNF). Oxcarbazepine. Last updated 2025. Available at: bnf.nice.org.uk
- Shorvon SD, Perucca E, Engel J Jr, eds. The Treatment of Epilepsy. 4th ed. Wiley-Blackwell; 2015.
- Landmark CJ, Johannessen SI, Tomson T. Dosing strategies for antiepileptic drugs: from a standard dose for all to individualised treatment by implementation of therapeutic drug monitoring. Epileptic Disord. 2020;22(4):367-383.
- Tomson T, Battino D, Perucca E. Teratogenicity of antiepileptic drugs. Curr Opin Neurol. 2019;32(2):246-252. doi:10.1097/WCO.0000000000000659
Editorial Team
Medical Content
iMedic Medical Editorial Team — Specialists in neurology and clinical pharmacology
Medical Review
iMedic Medical Review Board — Independent expert panel following GRADE evidence framework
Evidence Standard
Level 1A — Based on systematic reviews, RCTs, and international guidelines (ILAE, NICE, WHO, EMA, FDA)
Conflict of Interest
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