Trajenta: Uses, Dosage & Side Effects
A DPP-4 inhibitor (gliptin) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults, used alone or in combination with other glucose-lowering medications
Trajenta (linagliptin) is an oral prescription medication used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults. It belongs to the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor class, also known as gliptins. Trajenta works by enhancing the body's own incretin system, which helps regulate blood sugar levels after meals. Unlike most other DPP-4 inhibitors, linagliptin is primarily eliminated through the bile and intestines rather than the kidneys, meaning it does not require dose adjustment in patients with kidney impairment. It is taken as a single 5 mg tablet once daily, with or without food, and can be used alone or in combination with other diabetes medications including metformin, sulfonylureas, empagliflozin, and insulin.
Quick Facts: Trajenta
Key Takeaways
- Trajenta (linagliptin) is a once-daily oral DPP-4 inhibitor that lowers blood sugar by enhancing the incretin system, stimulating glucose-dependent insulin release and suppressing glucagon secretion.
- Unlike other DPP-4 inhibitors, Trajenta does not require dose adjustment for kidney impairment because it is primarily eliminated through the bile and intestines, not the kidneys.
- Trajenta is generally well tolerated and weight-neutral; the risk of hypoglycemia is low when used alone or with metformin, but increases when combined with sulfonylureas or insulin.
- Rare but serious adverse effects include acute pancreatitis and bullous pemphigoid; patients should seek immediate medical attention for severe abdominal pain or unexplained skin blistering.
- The CARMELINA and CAROLINA cardiovascular outcome trials demonstrated that linagliptin does not increase cardiovascular risk compared to placebo or the sulfonylurea glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes.
What Is Trajenta and What Is It Used For?
Trajenta contains the active substance linagliptin, which belongs to a class of oral diabetes medications known as dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, also commonly referred to as gliptins. DPP-4 inhibitors represent a well-established class of glucose-lowering agents that have been widely used in clinical practice since the mid-2000s. They are distinguished by their mechanism of action, which works through the body's own incretin hormone system to regulate blood sugar in a physiologically balanced way.
The incretin system plays a central role in how the body manages blood sugar after eating. When you consume food, your intestines release two key hormones: glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). These incretin hormones serve multiple important functions: they stimulate the pancreatic beta cells to release insulin in proportion to the blood glucose level, they suppress the release of glucagon (a hormone that raises blood sugar) from the pancreatic alpha cells, and they slow gastric emptying to moderate the rate at which glucose enters the bloodstream. However, these hormones are rapidly broken down by the enzyme DPP-4, typically within minutes of being released.
By selectively and reversibly inhibiting the DPP-4 enzyme, linagliptin extends the active lifespan of GLP-1 and GIP, allowing them to exert their glucose-lowering effects for a longer period. Importantly, this mechanism is glucose-dependent, meaning the insulin-stimulating and glucagon-suppressing effects are strongest when blood sugar levels are elevated and diminish as glucose returns to normal. This glucose-dependent action is why DPP-4 inhibitors like Trajenta carry a low risk of causing hypoglycemia (dangerously low blood sugar) when used alone or with metformin.
A particularly notable pharmacological characteristic of linagliptin is its unique elimination pathway. Unlike other DPP-4 inhibitors such as sitagliptin, saxagliptin, and alogliptin, which are primarily cleared through the kidneys, linagliptin is predominantly eliminated via the biliary system (through the liver into the bile and then the intestines). Approximately 80% of a linagliptin dose is excreted unchanged in the feces, with only about 5% appearing in the urine. This non-renal elimination makes linagliptin uniquely suitable for patients with varying degrees of kidney impairment, including those with end-stage renal disease on dialysis, without any need for dose adjustment.
Trajenta is approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA), the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and regulatory authorities worldwide for the following uses in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus:
- Monotherapy: Trajenta can be used as a single agent to improve blood sugar control when diet and exercise alone are insufficient and metformin is not tolerated or is contraindicated due to kidney impairment.
- Combination with metformin: Trajenta is commonly added to metformin when metformin alone does not provide adequate glycemic control. A fixed-dose combination of linagliptin and metformin (marketed as Jentadueto) is also available.
- Combination with sulfonylureas: Trajenta may be added to a sulfonylurea (with or without metformin) when existing treatment is inadequate. The sulfonylurea dose may need to be reduced to minimize the risk of hypoglycemia.
- Combination with empagliflozin: Trajenta can be combined with empagliflozin (an SGLT2 inhibitor), with or without metformin, providing complementary mechanisms of glucose lowering. A fixed-dose combination of linagliptin and empagliflozin (marketed as Glyxambi) is available.
- Combination with insulin: Trajenta may be added to insulin therapy (with or without metformin) to improve glycemic control. When combined with insulin, the insulin dose may need to be reduced to lower the risk of hypoglycemia.
Type 2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic condition in which the body either does not produce enough insulin or cannot effectively use the insulin it produces (insulin resistance). This leads to elevated blood sugar levels, which over time can damage the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves. Lifestyle modifications (healthy diet and regular physical activity) are the foundation of management, but most patients eventually require one or more medications to achieve adequate blood sugar control and prevent long-term complications.
It is important to note that Trajenta is not used for type 1 diabetes, in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin, or for diabetic ketoacidosis, a serious metabolic emergency. The medication should always be used as part of a comprehensive diabetes management plan that includes dietary guidance, regular physical activity, blood glucose monitoring, and follow-up with a healthcare provider.
What Should You Know Before Taking Trajenta?
Contraindications
Before starting Trajenta, it is essential to understand the situations in which this medication should not be used. Absolute contraindications include:
- Hypersensitivity to linagliptin: Do not take Trajenta if you are allergic to linagliptin or any of the other ingredients in the tablet (mannitol, pregelatinized starch, corn starch, copovidone, magnesium stearate, hypromellose, titanium dioxide, talc, macrogol 6000, or red iron oxide).
- Type 1 diabetes: Trajenta must not be used for type 1 diabetes, a condition where the body produces no insulin. Type 1 diabetes requires insulin therapy.
- Diabetic ketoacidosis: Trajenta should not be used to treat diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a dangerous complication of diabetes characterized by high blood sugar, rapid weight loss, nausea, and vomiting. DKA requires emergency medical treatment with insulin and fluids.
Warnings and Precautions
Talk to your doctor, pharmacist, or nurse before taking Trajenta if any of the following situations apply to you:
Rare cases of acute pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas) have been reported with DPP-4 inhibitors including linagliptin. If you experience severe and persistent abdominal pain that may radiate to your back, possibly accompanied by nausea and vomiting, stop taking Trajenta and contact your doctor immediately. If pancreatitis is confirmed, Trajenta must not be restarted. Patients with a history of pancreatitis may be at increased risk.
- Sulfonylurea or insulin combination: If you are taking a sulfonylurea (such as glimepiride or glipizide) or insulin alongside Trajenta, your doctor may reduce the dose of the sulfonylurea or insulin to minimize the risk of hypoglycemia (dangerously low blood sugar). Signs of hypoglycemia include trembling, sweating, anxiety, blurred vision, tingling lips, paleness, mood changes, and confusion.
- Previous allergic reactions to DPP-4 inhibitors: If you have experienced allergic reactions to other DPP-4 inhibitors (such as sitagliptin, saxagliptin, alogliptin, or vildagliptin), inform your doctor before starting Trajenta.
- History of pancreatic disease: If you have or have had any disease of the pancreas, your doctor should evaluate whether Trajenta is appropriate for you.
- Bullous pemphigoid: In rare cases, patients taking DPP-4 inhibitors have developed blistering of the skin, a condition called bullous pemphigoid. If you develop blisters on your skin, contact your doctor. Your doctor may advise you to stop taking Trajenta.
Diabetic skin lesions are a common complication of diabetes. Follow the recommendations for skin and foot care provided by your healthcare team. Regular skin inspection, keeping skin moisturized, and wearing appropriate footwear can help prevent complications.
Children and Adolescents
Trajenta is not recommended for use in children and adolescents under 18 years of age. Clinical studies in adolescents aged 10 to 17 years with type 2 diabetes showed that linagliptin was not effective in this population. There are no data available on the safety and efficacy of linagliptin in children under 10 years of age. Therefore, Trajenta should only be used by adults.
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
If you are pregnant, think you may be pregnant, or are planning to have a baby, consult your doctor or pharmacist before taking Trajenta. There are limited data on the use of linagliptin in pregnant women. Animal studies have not shown direct harmful effects on pregnancy or fetal development, but as a precautionary measure, linagliptin should be avoided during pregnancy. Insulin is the preferred treatment for diabetes during pregnancy because it does not cross the placenta and allows for precise blood sugar control.
It is not known whether linagliptin passes into human breast milk. Because the potential for harm to the nursing infant cannot be excluded, your doctor will assess whether to discontinue breastfeeding or discontinue Trajenta treatment, taking into account the benefit of breastfeeding for the child and the benefit of therapy for the mother.
Driving and Operating Machinery
Trajenta has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines when taken alone or with medications that do not cause hypoglycemia (such as metformin). However, when Trajenta is used in combination with a sulfonylurea or insulin, hypoglycemia may occur, which can impair concentration and reaction time. If you experience symptoms of low blood sugar, do not drive or operate machinery until the symptoms have resolved. More frequent blood sugar monitoring may be recommended, particularly at the start of combination therapy.
How Does Trajenta Interact with Other Drugs?
Drug interactions with Trajenta are relatively limited compared to many other diabetes medications. Linagliptin is not a clinically relevant inhibitor or inducer of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and is primarily cleared through the biliary route. However, certain medications can affect linagliptin's efficacy, and awareness of these interactions is important for optimal diabetes management.
Major Interactions
| Interacting Drug | Effect | Clinical Significance |
|---|---|---|
| Rifampicin | Strong P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inducer; reduces linagliptin exposure by approximately 40% | May reduce blood sugar-lowering efficacy; combination is not recommended |
| Carbamazepine | Enzyme inducer; expected to reduce linagliptin plasma levels | May decrease Trajenta effectiveness; discuss alternatives with your doctor |
| Phenobarbital | Enzyme inducer; expected to reduce linagliptin plasma levels | May decrease Trajenta effectiveness; discuss alternatives with your doctor |
| Phenytoin | Enzyme inducer; expected to reduce linagliptin plasma levels | May decrease Trajenta effectiveness; discuss alternatives with your doctor |
| Sulfonylureas (e.g., glimepiride, glipizide) | Additive blood sugar-lowering effect increases hypoglycemia risk | Sulfonylurea dose may need to be reduced when starting Trajenta |
| Insulin | Additive blood sugar-lowering effect increases hypoglycemia risk | Insulin dose may need to be reduced when starting Trajenta |
Minor Interactions and No Clinically Significant Interactions
Pharmacokinetic studies have demonstrated that linagliptin does not have clinically meaningful interactions with a number of commonly co-prescribed medications. This favorable interaction profile simplifies its use in patients who are often taking multiple drugs for comorbid conditions.
| Medication | Interaction Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Metformin | No clinically relevant interaction | Safe to combine; commonly prescribed together |
| Warfarin | No clinically relevant interaction | Does not affect INR or warfarin pharmacokinetics |
| Digoxin | No clinically relevant interaction | No dose adjustment needed for either drug |
| Simvastatin | No clinically relevant interaction | Safe to use concurrently |
| Oral contraceptives | No clinically relevant interaction | Does not affect contraceptive efficacy |
Always inform your doctor or pharmacist about all medications you are currently taking, including prescription drugs, over-the-counter products, vitamins, and herbal supplements. Even though linagliptin has a limited interaction profile, comprehensive medication review ensures the safest and most effective treatment plan.
What Is the Correct Dosage of Trajenta?
Always take Trajenta exactly as your doctor has instructed. If you are unsure about anything regarding your dosage, consult your doctor or pharmacist. The dosing regimen for Trajenta is straightforward and consistent across nearly all patient populations, which is one of the practical advantages of this medication.
Adults
Standard Adult Dose
The recommended dose is 5 mg linagliptin once daily. The tablet should be swallowed whole with a glass of water. Trajenta can be taken at any time of day, with or without food. However, taking it at the same time each day helps establish a consistent routine and maintain steady drug levels in the body.
| Patient Group | Recommended Dose | Dose Adjustment |
|---|---|---|
| Adults (18+ years) | 5 mg once daily | None required |
| Elderly (65+ years) | 5 mg once daily | None required; use with standard monitoring |
| Mild kidney impairment | 5 mg once daily | None required |
| Moderate/severe kidney impairment | 5 mg once daily | None required (unique to linagliptin) |
| End-stage renal disease / dialysis | 5 mg once daily | None required; not removed by dialysis |
| Hepatic impairment | 5 mg once daily | None required based on pharmacokinetic data |
When Trajenta is used in combination with other diabetes medications, your doctor may adjust the dose of the companion drug. For instance, when adding Trajenta to a sulfonylurea or insulin, the sulfonylurea or insulin dose may need to be lowered to reduce the risk of hypoglycemia. The dose of Trajenta itself remains 5 mg once daily regardless of the combination.
Children and Adolescents
Pediatric Population
Trajenta is not recommended for children and adolescents under 18 years of age. Clinical trials conducted in adolescents aged 10 to 17 years did not demonstrate efficacy. There are no data on use in children younger than 10 years. If a child or adolescent requires medication for type 2 diabetes, other treatment options should be discussed with a specialist.
Elderly Patients
No dose adjustment is required for elderly patients (65 years and older). Clinical experience with linagliptin in patients aged 75 years and above is limited, and these patients should be treated with care and appropriate monitoring. Kidney function naturally declines with age, but because linagliptin does not depend on renal elimination, this does not affect its dosing or safety profile in older adults.
Missed Dose
If you forget to take a dose of Trajenta, take it as soon as you remember. However, if it is close to the time for your next scheduled dose, skip the missed dose and continue with your regular dosing schedule. Do not take a double dose to make up for a forgotten dose. Never take two doses on the same day.
Overdose
If you have taken more Trajenta than prescribed, contact your doctor immediately. In clinical studies, single doses of up to 600 mg (120 times the recommended dose) were well tolerated in healthy volunteers. There is no specific antidote for linagliptin overdose. Treatment would be supportive based on clinical presentation. Due to the high protein binding and long half-life of linagliptin, hemodialysis is unlikely to be effective for drug removal.
Stopping Treatment
Do not stop taking Trajenta without consulting your doctor. If you discontinue Trajenta, your blood sugar levels may rise, potentially leading to worsening diabetes control and increased risk of complications. If you experience side effects or have concerns about the medication, discuss them with your healthcare provider who can advise on the best course of action, which may include adjusting your treatment regimen rather than stopping abruptly.
What Are the Side Effects of Trajenta?
Like all medicines, Trajenta can cause side effects, although not everybody gets them. Most side effects are mild to moderate and resolve on their own. However, some symptoms require immediate medical attention. Understanding the frequency and nature of potential side effects will help you recognize when to seek medical advice.
Stop taking Trajenta and seek medical help immediately if you experience: severe and persistent abdominal pain (possible pancreatitis), difficulty breathing or swallowing with facial/lip/tongue swelling (possible severe allergic reaction), or skin blistering (possible bullous pemphigoid). If you experience signs of low blood sugar (trembling, sweating, anxiety, blurred vision, confusion), consume fast-acting sugar and contact your doctor.
Side Effect Frequency Overview
Very Common
May affect more than 1 in 10 people
- Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) – when used together with metformin and a sulfonylurea. Symptoms include trembling, sweating, anxiety, blurred vision, tingling lips, paleness, mood changes, and confusion.
Common
May affect up to 1 in 10 people
- Increased lipase levels in blood tests (usually without symptoms)
Uncommon
May affect up to 1 in 100 people
- Nasopharyngitis (inflammation of the nose and throat, common cold symptoms)
- Cough
- Hypersensitivity reactions (allergic reactions including rash)
- Increased amylase levels in blood tests
- Constipation (when used with insulin)
Rare
May affect up to 1 in 1,000 people
- Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas) – severe and persistent abdominal pain, possibly radiating to the back, with nausea and vomiting
- Bullous pemphigoid – blistering of the skin
- Urticaria (hives)
- Angioedema – swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat that may cause difficulty breathing or swallowing
Not Known
Frequency cannot be estimated from available data
- Bronchial hyperreactivity (wheezing and shortness of breath)
- Rash
- Mouth ulceration
Hypoglycemia: Understanding the Risk
The risk of hypoglycemia with Trajenta depends largely on which other diabetes medications you are taking. When Trajenta is used as monotherapy or in combination with metformin alone, the risk of hypoglycemia is very low because its glucose-lowering mechanism is glucose-dependent. However, when combined with sulfonylureas (such as glimepiride or glipizide) or insulin, the risk of hypoglycemia increases significantly because these companion medications stimulate insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels.
If you experience symptoms of hypoglycemia, immediately consume fast-acting glucose sources such as glucose tablets, fruit juice, or sugar-sweetened beverages. Carry a source of quick-acting sugar with you at all times if you are taking Trajenta with a sulfonylurea or insulin. Your doctor may recommend more frequent blood sugar monitoring, particularly when starting the combination or changing doses.
Allergic Reactions
Some patients have experienced allergic reactions while taking Trajenta, either alone or in combination with other diabetes medications. These reactions can range from mild skin rashes (uncommon) to more serious manifestations including urticaria (hives, rare) and angioedema (swelling of the face, lips, tongue, and throat, rare). In very rare cases, patients have reported bronchial hyperreactivity (wheezing and shortness of breath). If you experience any signs of an allergic reaction, stop taking Trajenta and seek medical attention immediately. Your doctor will prescribe an alternative diabetes medication.
Cardiovascular Safety
Two large-scale cardiovascular outcome trials have evaluated the cardiovascular safety of linagliptin. The CARMELINA trial (Cardiovascular and Renal Microvascular Outcome Study with Linagliptin) enrolled over 6,900 patients with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular and renal risk. The CAROLINA trial (Cardiovascular Outcome Study of Linagliptin Versus Glimepiride in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes) compared linagliptin head-to-head with glimepiride in over 6,000 patients. Both trials confirmed that linagliptin does not increase the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events, heart failure hospitalization, or death compared to placebo or glimepiride. This provides important reassurance regarding the long-term cardiovascular safety of Trajenta.
How Should You Store Trajenta?
Proper storage of medications is important to ensure they remain effective and safe throughout their shelf life. Trajenta has straightforward storage requirements:
- Temperature: No special temperature requirements. Store at normal room temperature (below 30°C / 86°F).
- Light and moisture: Keep the tablets in the original blister packaging until ready to take, to protect from moisture.
- Children: Keep Trajenta out of the sight and reach of children at all times.
- Expiry date: Do not use Trajenta after the expiry date printed on the carton and blister packaging after “EXP.” The expiry date refers to the last day of that month.
- Damaged packaging: Do not use Trajenta if the packaging is damaged or shows any signs of tampering.
- Disposal: Do not dispose of medications via wastewater or household waste. Ask your pharmacist how to dispose of medicines that are no longer needed. These measures help protect the environment.
What Does Trajenta Contain?
Active Ingredient
Each film-coated tablet contains 5 mg of linagliptin. Linagliptin is a xanthine-based molecule with the chemical formula C25H28N8O2 and a molecular weight of 472.54 g/mol. It is highly selective for the DPP-4 enzyme, with approximately 10,000-fold selectivity over DPP-8 and DPP-9.
Inactive Ingredients
The inactive ingredients (excipients) serve to form the tablet structure and provide its characteristic appearance:
- Tablet core: Mannitol, pregelatinized starch (corn), corn starch, copovidone, magnesium stearate
- Film coating: Hypromellose, titanium dioxide (E171), talc, macrogol 6000, red iron oxide (E172)
Appearance and Pack Sizes
Trajenta 5 mg tablets are round, light red, film-coated tablets measuring 8 mm in diameter. They are debossed with “D5” on one side and the Boehringer Ingelheim logo on the other side. The tablets are supplied in perforated aluminum/aluminum unit-dose blister packs. Available pack sizes include 10, 14, 28, 30, 56, 60, 84, 90, 98, 100, and 120 tablets. Not all pack sizes may be marketed in every country.
Trajenta is manufactured by Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany. The marketing authorization is held by Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH. In the United States, linagliptin is marketed under the brand name Tradjenta, also by Boehringer Ingelheim in partnership with Eli Lilly and Company.
Frequently Asked Questions About Trajenta
Trajenta (linagliptin) is a prescription medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes in adults. It belongs to the DPP-4 inhibitor class and works by increasing incretin hormones that stimulate insulin release and reduce glucagon secretion. It can be used alone or in combination with other diabetes medications such as metformin, sulfonylureas, empagliflozin, or insulin. Trajenta is not for type 1 diabetes or diabetic ketoacidosis.
Trajenta is generally considered weight-neutral, meaning it does not typically cause significant weight gain or weight loss. This is an advantage over some other diabetes medications such as sulfonylureas and insulin, which are often associated with weight gain. Clinical trials showed minimal changes in body weight with linagliptin treatment.
No, Trajenta does not require dose adjustment for any degree of kidney impairment, including patients on dialysis. This is a unique advantage of linagliptin among DPP-4 inhibitors. Because approximately 80% of linagliptin is eliminated through the bile and feces rather than the kidneys, reduced kidney function does not significantly affect its levels or safety. The standard dose of 5 mg once daily is used for all patients regardless of renal function.
Rare cases of acute pancreatitis have been reported with Trajenta and other DPP-4 inhibitors. While the overall risk is low (affecting up to 1 in 1,000 patients), it is important to be aware of the warning signs: severe and persistent abdominal pain, possibly radiating to the back, often accompanied by nausea and vomiting. If you experience these symptoms, stop taking Trajenta and contact your doctor immediately. The CARMELINA cardiovascular outcome trial did not find a statistically significant increase in pancreatitis events with linagliptin compared to placebo.
Yes, Trajenta can be safely combined with metformin. This is one of the most commonly prescribed combinations for type 2 diabetes. The two drugs work through different, complementary mechanisms: metformin reduces liver glucose production and improves insulin sensitivity, while linagliptin enhances incretin hormones to increase insulin secretion. A fixed-dose combination tablet containing both drugs (Jentadueto) is also available for convenience.
Yes, linagliptin has been shown to be cardiovascular safe in two large clinical trials. The CARMELINA trial demonstrated that linagliptin does not increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, or cardiovascular death compared to placebo. The CAROLINA trial showed that linagliptin has a similar cardiovascular safety profile to glimepiride, with the added benefit of significantly less hypoglycemia and no weight gain. These trials enrolled over 12,000 patients and provide strong evidence for the cardiovascular safety of Trajenta.
References
- European Medicines Agency (EMA). Trajenta Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC). Last updated 2025. Available at: EMA – Trajenta.
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Tradjenta (linagliptin) Prescribing Information. Boehringer Ingelheim / Eli Lilly. Revised 2024.
- Rosenstock J, Perkovic V, Johansen OE, et al. Effect of Linagliptin vs Placebo on Major Cardiovascular Events in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes and High Cardiovascular and Renal Risk: The CARMELINA Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2019;321(1):69–79.
- Rosenstock J, Kahn SE, Johansen OE, et al. Effect of Linagliptin vs Glimepiride on Major Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: The CAROLINA Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2019;322(12):1155–1166.
- American Diabetes Association (ADA). Standards of Care in Diabetes – 2025. Diabetes Care. 2025;48(Supplement_1).
- Davies MJ, Aroda VR, Collins BS, et al. Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes, 2022. A Consensus Report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care. 2022;45(11):2753–2786.
- World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Model List of Essential Medicines – 23rd List (2023). Geneva: WHO; 2023.
- British National Formulary (BNF). Linagliptin. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Accessed February 2026.
Editorial Team
Medical Content
iMedic Medical Editorial Team – Specialists in Endocrinology and Clinical Pharmacology
Medical Review
iMedic Medical Review Board – Independent specialist physicians reviewing according to WHO, EMA, and ADA guidelines
Evidence Standard
Level 1A – Based on systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and randomized controlled trials (CARMELINA, CAROLINA)
Editorial Independence
No pharmaceutical funding. No advertising. Independent medical editorial content following GRADE framework.
Last medical review: | Content version: 1.0 | Meet our medical team | Editorial standards