Rosuvastatin
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) for lowering cholesterol and reducing cardiovascular risk
Quick Facts about Rosuvastatin
Key Takeaways about Rosuvastatin
- Potent cholesterol lowering: Rosuvastatin can reduce LDL cholesterol by up to 63%, making it one of the most effective statins available
- Cardiovascular protection: The JUPITER trial showed a 44% reduction in major cardiovascular events in patients treated with rosuvastatin
- Flexible dosing: Can be taken at any time of day, with or without food, unlike some other statins that must be taken in the evening
- Not for pregnancy: Rosuvastatin must never be taken during pregnancy or breastfeeding; effective contraception is required
- Watch for muscle symptoms: Report unexplained muscle pain, tenderness, or weakness to your doctor immediately, as statins can rarely cause serious muscle problems
What Is Rosuvastatin and What Is It Used For?
Rosuvastatin is a prescription statin medication that lowers high cholesterol levels in the blood. It reduces LDL ("bad") cholesterol by up to 63% and raises HDL ("good") cholesterol, thereby lowering the risk of heart attacks, strokes, and other cardiovascular events. Rosuvastatin is used in adults, adolescents, and children aged 6 years and older.
Rosuvastatin belongs to a class of medicines called statins (also known as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors). These medications are among the most widely prescribed drugs worldwide and represent a cornerstone of cardiovascular disease prevention. Rosuvastatin works by selectively inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, which is the rate-limiting step in hepatic cholesterol synthesis. By reducing cholesterol production in the liver, the drug triggers an upregulation of LDL receptors on liver cells, leading to increased clearance of LDL cholesterol from the bloodstream.
Your doctor may prescribe rosuvastatin if you have been diagnosed with hypercholesterolaemia (high cholesterol) or mixed dyslipidaemia (abnormal levels of different blood fats). Lifestyle modifications such as diet changes and increased physical activity are always the first step, but when these measures alone are insufficient to bring cholesterol levels to target, statin therapy is recommended. You should continue following a cholesterol-lowering diet and exercising regularly while taking rosuvastatin.
Rosuvastatin may also be prescribed for primary prevention of cardiovascular events in people who have not yet experienced a heart attack or stroke but are at elevated risk due to factors such as age, high blood pressure, low HDL cholesterol, family history of premature coronary heart disease, smoking, or elevated C-reactive protein (CRP). The landmark JUPITER trial (Ridker et al., NEJM 2008) demonstrated that rosuvastatin 20 mg significantly reduced the risk of major cardiovascular events by 44% in apparently healthy individuals with elevated CRP levels.
Atherosclerosis, the underlying disease process, develops when fatty deposits (plaques) accumulate in the walls of arteries over time. These plaques narrow the arteries and can eventually rupture, triggering blood clots that block blood flow to the heart (causing a heart attack) or to the brain (causing a stroke). By lowering LDL cholesterol, rosuvastatin slows the progression of atherosclerosis and may even promote regression of existing plaques.
Even after your cholesterol levels reach the target range, it is essential to continue taking rosuvastatin as prescribed. Stopping the medication will allow cholesterol levels to rise again, increasing your cardiovascular risk. Only stop taking rosuvastatin if your doctor advises you to do so.
Types of Cholesterol
There are different types of cholesterol in the blood. LDL cholesterol (low-density lipoprotein) is often called "bad" cholesterol because elevated levels contribute to plaque build-up in arteries. HDL cholesterol (high-density lipoprotein) is called "good" cholesterol because it helps transport cholesterol away from the arteries back to the liver for removal. Rosuvastatin effectively lowers LDL cholesterol while modestly increasing HDL cholesterol, improving the overall lipid profile.
For most people, high cholesterol does not cause any noticeable symptoms, which is why it is sometimes called a "silent" risk factor. The only way to detect high cholesterol is through a blood test (lipid panel). If left untreated, however, the consequences can be severe. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), raised cholesterol is estimated to contribute to 2.6 million deaths annually worldwide and is a major risk factor for ischaemic heart disease and stroke.
What Should You Know Before Taking Rosuvastatin?
Before starting rosuvastatin, your doctor needs to know about your medical history, current medications, and whether you are pregnant or planning to become pregnant. Several conditions and drug interactions can affect whether rosuvastatin is safe for you and which dose is appropriate.
Contraindications
Do not take rosuvastatin if any of the following apply to you:
- You have ever had an allergic reaction to rosuvastatin or any of the other ingredients in the tablets
- You are pregnant or breastfeeding — if you become pregnant while taking rosuvastatin, stop immediately and contact your doctor
- You have active liver disease or unexplained persistent elevations in liver enzymes
- You have severe kidney impairment
- You have unexplained, repeated muscle pain or weakness (myopathy)
- You are taking ciclosporin (used after organ transplantation)
- You are taking the hepatitis C combination sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir
The highest dose of rosuvastatin (40 mg) should not be used if you have moderate kidney problems, thyroid disorders, a personal or family history of muscle disease, previous muscle problems with other statins, regularly consume large amounts of alcohol, are of Asian descent (Japanese, Chinese, Filipino, Vietnamese, Korean, or Indian), or are taking fibrate medications. These factors increase the risk of serious side effects at higher doses.
Warnings and Precautions
Talk to your doctor or pharmacist before taking rosuvastatin if you:
- Have kidney problems — your doctor may need to adjust your dose or monitor kidney function more closely
- Have liver problems — liver function tests are routinely performed before and during statin treatment
- Have a history of muscle problems, muscle disease in the family, or previous muscle pain with other cholesterol-lowering medicines
- Have ever developed a severe skin reaction (Stevens-Johnson syndrome or DRESS syndrome) after taking rosuvastatin or similar medicines
- Regularly drink large amounts of alcohol
- Have thyroid problems (hypothyroidism)
- Are taking other cholesterol-lowering medicines called fibrates
- Are taking HIV medications such as ritonavir with lopinavir and/or atazanavir
- Are taking or have recently taken fusidic acid (an antibiotic) within the past 7 days
- Are over 70 years old — your doctor needs to select an appropriate starting dose
- Have severe respiratory insufficiency
- Are of Asian descent — drug metabolism may differ, requiring dose adjustment
- Have or have had myasthenia gravis or ocular myasthenia, as statins may sometimes worsen these conditions
During treatment with rosuvastatin, your doctor will monitor you for signs of diabetes, particularly if you already have risk factors such as high blood sugar, elevated blood fats, obesity, or high blood pressure. A small number of patients taking statins may develop new-onset type 2 diabetes, although the cardiovascular benefits of statin therapy generally outweigh this risk.
Your doctor will perform liver function tests before starting treatment and periodically during therapy to check for any adverse effects on the liver. This is a routine precaution for all statin medications.
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
Do not take rosuvastatin if you are pregnant or breastfeeding. Cholesterol and its derivatives are essential for normal fetal development, and statins may cause harm to the unborn baby. If you discover that you are pregnant while taking rosuvastatin, stop taking it immediately and contact your doctor. Women of childbearing potential should use effective contraception throughout the duration of treatment.
Rosuvastatin passes into breast milk in small amounts. Because of the potential for serious adverse effects in nursing infants, breastfeeding is contraindicated during rosuvastatin therapy. If you need statin treatment, discuss alternative feeding options with your healthcare provider.
Driving and Operating Machinery
Most people can drive and operate machinery normally while taking rosuvastatin. However, some individuals may experience dizziness as a side effect. If you experience dizziness, do not drive or operate machinery until the symptom resolves, and consult your doctor.
Lactose Content
Rosuvastatin tablets contain lactose monohydrate as an inactive ingredient. If you have been told by your doctor that you have an intolerance to certain sugars, contact your doctor before taking this medicine. The tablets contain less than 1 mmol (23 mg) of sodium per tablet, which means they are essentially sodium-free.
How Does Rosuvastatin Interact with Other Drugs?
Rosuvastatin can interact with several other medications, potentially increasing the risk of side effects or altering the effectiveness of either drug. Always tell your doctor about all medicines you are taking, including prescription drugs, over-the-counter medicines, and herbal supplements.
Drug interactions with rosuvastatin can occur through several mechanisms, including effects on hepatic uptake transporters (OATP1B1 and OATP1B3), the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), and cytochrome P450 enzymes. While rosuvastatin is less dependent on CYP450 metabolism than some other statins, interactions with transporter proteins can significantly increase blood levels of the drug, raising the risk of muscle-related side effects.
Major Interactions (Avoid Combination or Use with Caution)
| Drug | Category | Interaction Effect | Action Required |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ciclosporin | Immunosuppressant | Increases rosuvastatin levels up to 7-fold | Contraindicated — do not use together |
| Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir | Hepatitis C antiviral | Significantly increases rosuvastatin levels | Contraindicated — do not use together |
| Gemfibrozil | Fibrate (lipid-lowering) | Doubles rosuvastatin exposure; increased myopathy risk | Limit rosuvastatin to 20 mg; avoid 40 mg dose |
| Fusidic acid | Antibiotic | Increased risk of rhabdomyolysis | Temporarily stop rosuvastatin during fusidic acid course |
| Ritonavir/lopinavir | HIV protease inhibitor | Increases rosuvastatin levels approximately 2-fold | Dose adjustment required; consult specialist |
| Atazanavir | HIV protease inhibitor | Increases rosuvastatin levels approximately 3-fold | Dose adjustment required; consult specialist |
Other Notable Interactions
The following medications may also interact with rosuvastatin. While these interactions are generally manageable, your doctor should be aware of them:
| Drug | Category | Interaction Effect |
|---|---|---|
| Warfarin / clopidogrel / ticagrelor | Blood thinners | Rosuvastatin may increase anticoagulant effect; INR monitoring advised |
| Fenofibrate | Fibrate | Increased risk of myopathy; monitor closely |
| Ezetimibe | Cholesterol absorption inhibitor | May increase rosuvastatin exposure slightly; combination commonly used |
| Erythromycin | Antibiotic | May reduce rosuvastatin levels through increased gut motility |
| Oral contraceptives | Hormonal | Increased ethinylestradiol and norgestrel levels; monitor for hormonal side effects |
| Antacids | Gastrointestinal | May reduce rosuvastatin absorption if taken simultaneously; take 2 hours apart |
| Regorafenib / darolutamid / capmatinib | Anticancer agents | May increase rosuvastatin levels via BCRP inhibition |
| Febuxostat | Gout treatment | May increase rosuvastatin exposure |
If you need to take fusidic acid by mouth to treat a bacterial infection, you must temporarily stop taking rosuvastatin. Your doctor will tell you when it is safe to restart rosuvastatin. Taking rosuvastatin together with fusidic acid can in rare cases lead to muscle weakness, tenderness, or pain (rhabdomyolysis), which can be life-threatening.
What Is the Correct Dosage of Rosuvastatin?
Always take rosuvastatin exactly as your doctor has prescribed. The usual starting dose is 5 mg or 10 mg once daily. Your doctor may gradually increase the dose based on your cholesterol response. The maximum dose is 40 mg daily, reserved for patients with very high cholesterol who have not responded adequately to lower doses.
Adults
For most adults, rosuvastatin treatment begins at 5 mg or 10 mg once daily, regardless of whether you have previously taken another statin at a higher dose. The choice of starting dose depends on your cholesterol levels, your cardiovascular risk profile, and whether you have any factors that could increase your sensitivity to side effects.
Your doctor may recommend starting with the lowest dose (5 mg) if you are of Asian descent, over 70 years of age, have moderate kidney problems, or are at increased risk of muscle problems (myopathy).
| Indication | Starting Dose | Usual Dose Range | Maximum Dose |
|---|---|---|---|
| High cholesterol (primary) | 5–10 mg once daily | 10–20 mg once daily | 40 mg (restricted) |
| CV risk reduction (primary prevention) | 20 mg once daily | 20 mg once daily | 20 mg |
| Asian patients | 5 mg once daily | 5–20 mg once daily | 20 mg (typically) |
| Elderly (>70 years) | 5 mg once daily | 5–20 mg once daily | 40 mg (with caution) |
| Moderate renal impairment | 5 mg once daily | 5–20 mg once daily | 20 mg (40 mg contraindicated) |
Dose adjustments are made at intervals of at least 4 weeks. If you started at 5 mg, your doctor may increase to 10 mg, then 20 mg, and finally 40 mg if needed. The 40 mg dose is reserved for patients with very high cholesterol levels and high cardiovascular risk whose cholesterol is not adequately controlled with 20 mg.
Children and Adolescents (6–17 years)
In children and adolescents aged 6 to 17 years, the usual dose range is 5 to 20 mg once daily. The typical starting dose is 5 mg daily, and the doctor may gradually increase the dose to find the right level. The maximum daily dose is 10 mg or 20 mg depending on the underlying condition being treated. The 40 mg dose must not be used in children and adolescents. Rosuvastatin should not be given to children under 6 years of age.
Elderly Patients
For patients over 70 years of age, the recommended starting dose is 5 mg. Your doctor will carefully evaluate the appropriate dose, taking into account your kidney function, other medical conditions, and any medications you may be taking. Elderly patients are more susceptible to side effects, particularly myopathy, so careful monitoring is important.
How to Take Rosuvastatin
Swallow the tablet whole with a glass of water. Take rosuvastatin once daily. You may take it at any time of day, with or without food. Unlike some other statins (such as simvastatin), rosuvastatin does not need to be taken in the evening because of its long half-life of approximately 19 hours. Try to take it at the same time each day to help remember.
Attend regular check-ups with your doctor for cholesterol monitoring to ensure your levels have reached and remain at the target range. Your doctor may adjust your dose based on these results.
Missed Dose
If you forget to take a dose of rosuvastatin, do not worry. Simply take your next dose at the usual time. Do not take a double dose to make up for a forgotten one.
Overdose
If you accidentally take more rosuvastatin than prescribed, or if a child accidentally swallows the tablets, contact your doctor, hospital emergency department, or poison control centre immediately for an assessment of the risk and appropriate advice. If you seek emergency treatment, be sure to tell the medical staff that you are taking rosuvastatin.
Do not stop taking rosuvastatin without talking to your doctor first. Your cholesterol levels may rise again if you stop treatment, which could increase your cardiovascular risk over time.
What Are the Side Effects of Rosuvastatin?
Like all medicines, rosuvastatin can cause side effects, although not everyone gets them. Most side effects are mild and resolve on their own. Serious side effects are rare but include severe muscle damage (rhabdomyolysis) and serious allergic reactions. Seek immediate medical attention if you experience unexplained muscle pain with fever or dark urine.
Side effects are classified by how frequently they occur. Understanding the likelihood of different side effects can help you make informed decisions about your treatment and know when to seek medical attention.
Difficulty breathing, swelling of the face, lips, tongue or throat, severe skin itching with raised lumps, reddish target-shaped patches or blisters on the skin (Stevens-Johnson syndrome), or widespread rash with high temperature and swollen lymph nodes (DRESS syndrome). Also stop and contact your doctor immediately if you experience unusual or unexplained muscle pain, tenderness, or weakness, especially if accompanied by fever or malaise.
Common Side Effects
May affect up to 1 in 10 people
- Headache
- Abdominal pain
- Constipation
- Nausea
- Muscle pain (myalgia)
- Feeling weak or tired (asthenia)
- Dizziness
- Increased protein in urine (with 40 mg dose; usually reverses on its own)
- Diabetes (more likely in those with existing risk factors)
Uncommon Side Effects
May affect up to 1 in 100 people
- Skin rash, itching, or other skin reactions
- Increased protein in urine (with 5–20 mg dose)
Rare Side Effects
May affect up to 1 in 1,000 people
- Severe allergic reaction (angioedema) — swelling of face, lips, tongue, throat
- Muscle damage (rhabdomyolysis) in adults
- Severe abdominal pain (pancreatitis)
- Increased liver enzymes in blood tests
- Easy bleeding or bruising (low platelet count)
- Lupus-like syndrome (rash, joint problems, blood cell changes)
Very Rare Side Effects
May affect up to 1 in 10,000 people
- Jaundice (yellowing of skin and eyes)
- Hepatitis (liver inflammation)
- Blood in urine
- Peripheral neuropathy (numbness or tingling in hands and feet)
- Joint pain
- Memory loss
- Gynaecomastia (breast enlargement in men)
Side Effects Reported with Unknown Frequency
The following side effects have been reported but their exact frequency cannot be determined from available data:
- Diarrhoea
- Cough and shortness of breath
- Oedema (swelling)
- Sleep disturbances, including insomnia and nightmares
- Sexual difficulties
- Depression
- Respiratory problems, including persistent cough and/or breathlessness or fever
- Tendon problems
- Persistent muscle weakness
- Myasthenia gravis (a disease causing general muscle weakness, sometimes including breathing muscles)
- Ocular myasthenia (muscle weakness affecting the eyes)
Muscle symptoms are more common in children and adolescents than in adults. As with other statins, a very small number of people have experienced unpleasant muscle effects, and in rare cases these have developed into a potentially life-threatening condition called rhabdomyolysis, which involves severe muscle breakdown that can lead to kidney failure. If you experience any unexplained muscle pain, tenderness, or weakness — especially if accompanied by feeling unwell or feverish — stop taking rosuvastatin and contact your doctor immediately.
If you experience any side effects, talk to your doctor or pharmacist. You can also report side effects directly to your national pharmacovigilance authority (e.g., FDA MedWatch in the USA, MHRA Yellow Card in the UK, or EMA EudraVigilance in the EU). By reporting side effects, you help provide more information on the safety of this medicine.
How Should You Store Rosuvastatin?
Store rosuvastatin tablets in the original packaging, away from light, at room temperature. Keep out of the sight and reach of children. Do not use after the expiry date printed on the packaging.
Rosuvastatin tablets should be stored in their original packaging to protect them from light. If your tablets come in a plastic bottle, make sure the lid is tightly closed after each use. There are no special temperature storage requirements beyond normal room temperature conditions.
Do not use rosuvastatin after the expiry date shown on the carton, blister pack, or label (after "EXP"). The expiry date refers to the last day of that month. If your tablets come in a bottle with a desiccant (moisture-absorbing packet), leave the desiccant in the bottle but do not swallow it.
Do not dispose of medicines via wastewater or household waste. Ask your pharmacist how to dispose of medicines you no longer use. These measures help protect the environment.
What Does Rosuvastatin Contain?
The active ingredient is rosuvastatin (as rosuvastatin calcium). Inactive ingredients include lactose monohydrate, microcrystalline cellulose, crospovidone, sodium hydrogen carbonate, magnesium stearate, hypromellose, triacetin, titanium dioxide (E171), and red iron oxide (E172).
Active Ingredient
Each film-coated tablet contains rosuvastatin (as rosuvastatin calcium) in one of four strengths: 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, or 40 mg. Rosuvastatin calcium is a white to off-white powder that is sparingly soluble in water. The calcium salt form is used to improve the stability and bioavailability of the drug.
Inactive Ingredients (Excipients)
The tablet core and film coating contain the following inactive ingredients:
- Lactose monohydrate — a filler and binding agent
- Microcrystalline cellulose — provides tablet structure
- Crospovidone — helps the tablet disintegrate in the stomach
- Sodium hydrogen carbonate — pH adjuster
- Magnesium stearate — lubricant for manufacturing
- Hypromellose — film-coating agent
- Triacetin — plasticizer for the film coat
- Titanium dioxide (E171) — white colouring agent
- Red iron oxide (E172) — gives the tablet its pink colour
Appearance and Pack Sizes
All strengths of rosuvastatin tablets are pink, film-coated, and round (except the 40 mg tablets, which are oval). They are available in blister packs of 14, 15, 28, 30, 42, 56, 60, 84, 90, and 98 tablets, and in plastic bottles of 30, 50, 90, and 100 tablets. Not all pack sizes may be marketed in every country.
Frequently Asked Questions
Rosuvastatin is primarily used to lower high cholesterol (specifically LDL or "bad" cholesterol) and triglycerides in the blood. It is also prescribed to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events such as heart attacks and strokes in people at elevated risk, even if their cholesterol levels are not very high. The JUPITER trial demonstrated significant cardiovascular benefit in people with elevated C-reactive protein. Rosuvastatin is approved for use in adults, adolescents, and children aged 6 years and older.
The most common side effects (affecting up to 1 in 10 people) include headache, muscle pain (myalgia), abdominal pain, constipation, nausea, dizziness, and feeling weak. These are usually mild and temporary. More serious but rare side effects include rhabdomyolysis (severe muscle breakdown) and liver problems. If you experience unexplained muscle pain, especially with fever or dark-coloured urine, stop taking the medication and seek medical attention immediately.
No. Rosuvastatin is strictly contraindicated during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Statins can interfere with fetal development because cholesterol and its derivatives are essential for normal growth. Women of childbearing potential must use effective contraception while taking rosuvastatin. If you become pregnant during treatment, stop taking rosuvastatin immediately and contact your doctor.
Rosuvastatin is one of the most potent statins available, capable of lowering LDL cholesterol by up to 63%. It has a longer half-life (approximately 19 hours) compared to many other statins, meaning it can be taken at any time of day. It is more hydrophilic (water-soluble) than atorvastatin and simvastatin, which gives it greater selectivity for the liver and may result in fewer off-target effects. According to the ESC/EAS guidelines, rosuvastatin 20–40 mg and atorvastatin 40–80 mg are considered "high-intensity" statins.
Rosuvastatin can be taken at any time of day, with or without food. Unlike simvastatin, which should be taken in the evening because of its shorter half-life, rosuvastatin has a long half-life of approximately 19 hours, so the timing does not significantly affect its efficacy. The most important thing is to take it consistently at the same time each day to help you remember.
A small increase in the risk of developing type 2 diabetes has been observed with statin therapy, including rosuvastatin. This risk is higher in people who already have risk factors for diabetes, such as elevated blood sugar, obesity, high blood pressure, and high triglycerides. However, major medical guidelines (ESC/EAS, ACC/AHA) and regulatory authorities (EMA, FDA) agree that the cardiovascular benefits of statin therapy far outweigh this modest risk. Your doctor will monitor your blood sugar levels during treatment.
References
- Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, et al. Rosuvastatin to Prevent Vascular Events in Men and Women with Elevated C-Reactive Protein (JUPITER Trial). N Engl J Med. 2008;359(21):2195-2207. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0807646
- Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, et al. 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(1):111-188. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455
- Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73(24):e285-e350. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.11.003
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Cardiovascular disease: risk assessment and reduction, including lipid modification. Clinical guideline CG181. Updated 2023.
- European Medicines Agency (EMA). Rosuvastatin Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC). Accessed January 2026.
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Crestor (rosuvastatin calcium) Prescribing Information. Reference ID: 4892347.
- World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Model List of Essential Medicines – 23rd List (2023). Geneva: WHO; 2023.
- British National Formulary (BNF). Rosuvastatin. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Accessed January 2026.
- Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet. 2010;376(9753):1670-1681.
- Sattar N, Preiss D, Murray HM, et al. Statins and risk of incident diabetes: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomised statin trials. Lancet. 2010;375(9716):735-742.
Editorial Team
This article has been written and reviewed by the iMedic Medical Editorial Team, consisting of licensed physicians with specializations in clinical pharmacology, cardiology, and internal medicine.
iMedic Medical Editorial Team — Evidence-based medical content following GRADE framework and international guideline standards (ESC/EAS, ACC/AHA, NICE, WHO).
iMedic Medical Review Board — Independent panel of medical experts ensuring accuracy, clinical relevance, and adherence to current guidelines.
Evidence level: 1A — Based on systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials including the JUPITER trial, CTT Collaboration meta-analysis, and ESC/EAS Dyslipidaemia Guidelines 2019.
Conflict of interest: None. iMedic receives no pharmaceutical industry funding.