Rivaroxaban STADA Arzneimittel AG
Direct Factor Xa Inhibitor — Oral Anticoagulant (2.5 mg Film-Coated Tablets)
Quick Facts: Rivaroxaban STADA Arzneimittel AG
Key Takeaways
- Always taken with aspirin: Rivaroxaban STADA Arzneimittel AG 2.5 mg is never used alone — it must be combined with aspirin (75–100 mg daily), and sometimes with clopidogrel or ticlopidine
- Reduces cardiovascular events: Clinically proven to reduce the risk of heart attack, stroke, and cardiovascular death in high-risk patients with acute coronary syndrome, coronary artery disease, or peripheral arterial disease
- Bleeding risk is the main concern: As with all anticoagulants, the most significant risk is bleeding, which can be serious or life-threatening — seek immediate medical attention for unusual bleeding
- Do not stop without medical advice: Stopping Rivaroxaban STADA Arzneimittel AG abruptly can increase the risk of a new heart attack, stroke, or cardiovascular death
- Contraindicated in pregnancy: Must not be taken during pregnancy or breastfeeding — use reliable contraception throughout treatment
What Is Rivaroxaban STADA Arzneimittel AG and What Is It Used For?
Quick Answer: Rivaroxaban STADA Arzneimittel AG is a prescription anticoagulant (blood thinner) containing 2.5 mg of rivaroxaban. It works by blocking Factor Xa, a key protein in the blood clotting cascade, and is used alongside aspirin to prevent heart attacks, strokes, and cardiovascular death in adults with established cardiovascular disease.
Rivaroxaban STADA Arzneimittel AG belongs to a class of medicines known as direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), specifically a direct Factor Xa inhibitor. Unlike older anticoagulants such as warfarin, which act on multiple clotting factors and require regular blood monitoring, rivaroxaban selectively and directly blocks Factor Xa, a pivotal enzyme in the coagulation cascade. By inhibiting Factor Xa, rivaroxaban reduces the generation of thrombin — the enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin and ultimately forms blood clots. This mechanism decreases the tendency of blood to clot without completely eliminating the body's ability to form clots when needed to stop bleeding.
At the 2.5 mg twice-daily dose, Rivaroxaban STADA Arzneimittel AG is specifically indicated for two clinical scenarios. The first is secondary prevention after acute coronary syndrome (ACS), which includes heart attack (myocardial infarction) and unstable angina — a severe type of chest pain indicating inadequate blood flow to the heart. In the landmark ATLAS ACS 2-TIMI 51 trial, adding low-dose rivaroxaban (2.5 mg twice daily) to dual antiplatelet therapy significantly reduced the composite endpoint of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke compared to placebo. The 2.5 mg dose also demonstrated a significant reduction in all-cause mortality, including cardiovascular mortality.
The second indication is prevention of atherothrombotic events in adults with coronary artery disease (CAD) or symptomatic peripheral arterial disease (PAD) at high risk of ischemic events. The COMPASS trial showed that rivaroxaban 2.5 mg twice daily combined with aspirin 100 mg once daily reduced the composite of cardiovascular death, stroke, or myocardial infarction by 24% compared to aspirin alone in patients with stable atherosclerotic vascular disease. This dual-pathway inhibition strategy — combining anticoagulation with antiplatelet therapy — addresses both the thrombin-mediated and platelet-mediated pathways that contribute to atherothrombotic events.
It is important to understand that Rivaroxaban STADA Arzneimittel AG at the 2.5 mg dose is not intended for use as a standalone anticoagulant. Higher doses of rivaroxaban (15 mg and 20 mg) are used for different indications, such as the treatment and prevention of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, or stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. The 2.5 mg formulation is specifically designed for cardiovascular protection in combination with antiplatelet therapy.
How Rivaroxaban Works in the Body
The coagulation cascade is a complex series of enzymatic reactions that ultimately leads to the formation of a blood clot. Factor Xa sits at the convergence of the intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways, making it a strategic target for anticoagulation. When Factor Xa is active, it combines with Factor Va to form the prothrombinase complex, which rapidly converts prothrombin (Factor II) to thrombin (Factor IIa). A single molecule of Factor Xa can generate approximately 1,000 molecules of thrombin, amplifying the clotting response enormously.
By selectively inhibiting Factor Xa, rivaroxaban interrupts this amplification process at its source. It inhibits both free Factor Xa and Factor Xa that is already bound within the prothrombinase complex or associated with a clot. Unlike indirect Factor Xa inhibitors such as fondaparinux, rivaroxaban does not require antithrombin III as a cofactor. Its anticoagulant effect is dose-dependent and predictable, which is one of the reasons it does not require routine monitoring of blood clotting parameters.
Pharmacokinetically, rivaroxaban reaches peak plasma concentrations 2 to 4 hours after oral administration. The 2.5 mg dose has a bioavailability of approximately 80 to 100 percent and is not affected by food intake at this strength, allowing flexible dosing. The half-life ranges from 5 to 9 hours in healthy adults and can extend to 11 to 13 hours in elderly patients due to physiologic changes in renal clearance. Approximately one-third of the active drug is excreted unchanged in urine, while the remaining two-thirds is metabolized by hepatic enzymes (primarily CYP3A4 and CYP2J2) and then eliminated via urine and feces.
What Should You Know Before Taking Rivaroxaban STADA Arzneimittel AG?
Quick Answer: Rivaroxaban STADA Arzneimittel AG is contraindicated in active bleeding, severe liver disease, pregnancy, and breastfeeding. Use caution if you have kidney disease, a history of gastrointestinal problems, or are taking other blood-thinning medications. Always inform your doctor about all medications and health conditions before starting treatment.
Contraindications
There are several situations in which Rivaroxaban STADA Arzneimittel AG must not be taken. Understanding these contraindications is essential for patient safety. Do not take this medicine if:
- You are allergic to rivaroxaban or any of the other ingredients in this medicine (including lactose monohydrate, microcrystalline cellulose, povidone, pregelatinized starch, crospovidone, sodium lauryl sulfate, magnesium stearate, hypromellose, titanium dioxide, macrogol 4000, and yellow iron oxide)
- You have active pathological bleeding — any ongoing significant bleeding that requires medical attention
- You have a disease or condition in any organ that increases the risk of serious bleeding, such as gastric or duodenal ulcer, brain or spinal cord injury or bleeding, or recent brain or eye surgery
- You are taking other anticoagulant medicines (e.g., warfarin, dabigatran, apixaban, or heparin), except when transitioning between anticoagulant treatments or when a venous or arterial catheter is being flushed with heparin
- You have acute coronary syndrome and have experienced previous bleeding or blood clot in the brain (stroke)
- You have coronary artery disease or peripheral arterial disease and have had a hemorrhagic stroke, a lacunar stroke (blockage of small deep-brain arteries), or an ischemic non-lacunar stroke within the past month
- You have liver disease that leads to increased bleeding risk
- You are pregnant or breastfeeding
Rivaroxaban STADA Arzneimittel AG can cause serious and potentially fatal bleeding. Seek immediate medical attention if you experience signs of bleeding such as: unusual bruising, blood in urine or stool, coughing up blood, prolonged bleeding from cuts, severe headache, dizziness, or weakness. You cannot easily reverse the anticoagulant effect of rivaroxaban at home.
Warnings and Precautions
Talk to your doctor or pharmacist before taking Rivaroxaban STADA Arzneimittel AG. Special caution is required in several circumstances, as the risk of bleeding may be increased. Your doctor will need to weigh the benefits of treatment against the potential risks in these situations:
- Severe kidney disease: Impaired renal function affects how much active drug remains in your body, as rivaroxaban is partially cleared by the kidneys. Your doctor may need to adjust or reconsider your treatment
- Bleeding disorders: Conditions that affect your blood's ability to clot properly increase the risk of hemorrhage
- Uncontrolled severe hypertension: Very high blood pressure not adequately managed with medication increases the risk of bleeding, particularly intracranial hemorrhage
- Gastrointestinal disease: Conditions such as gastric or intestinal inflammation, esophagitis from gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), or tumors located in the stomach, intestines, urogenital, or urinary tract may increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding
- Retinopathy: Problems with blood vessels in the back of the eye may increase the risk of ocular bleeding
- Bronchiectasis or pulmonary bleeding history: Widened airways filled with pus, or prior bleeding from the lungs
- Age over 75 years: Elderly patients are at increased risk of bleeding complications
- Body weight under 60 kg: Lower body weight may result in higher drug exposure
- Coronary artery disease with severe symptomatic heart failure
- Prosthetic heart valve: Rivaroxaban has not been studied in patients with mechanical heart valves and should not be used in this population
- Antiphospholipid syndrome: An autoimmune disorder that increases the risk of blood clots — inform your doctor so they can decide if treatment needs to be modified
Rivaroxaban STADA Arzneimittel AG should not be used in combination with prasugrel or ticagrelor — only with aspirin and clopidogrel or ticlopidine. Using rivaroxaban with prasugrel or ticagrelor has not been adequately studied and may significantly increase bleeding risk.
Surgery and Spinal/Epidural Procedures
If you need to undergo surgery, it is critically important to take Rivaroxaban STADA Arzneimittel AG at exactly the times your doctor specifies, both before and after the procedure. If your surgery involves a spinal or epidural catheter or injection (for anesthesia or pain management), following the precise timing instructions is especially important to minimize the risk of spinal or epidural hematoma, which can lead to long-term or permanent paralysis.
Tell your doctor immediately if you experience numbness, weakness in your legs, or problems with your bowels or bladder after spinal or epidural anesthesia, as urgent medical intervention may be necessary.
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
Rivaroxaban STADA Arzneimittel AG must not be taken during pregnancy or while breastfeeding. The potential risks to the developing fetus and nursing infant have not been adequately characterized, and preclinical studies suggest reproductive toxicity. Women of childbearing potential must use reliable contraception throughout treatment. If you become pregnant while taking this medicine, contact your doctor immediately for guidance on transitioning to an alternative treatment.
Children and Adolescents
Rivaroxaban STADA Arzneimittel AG 2.5 mg tablets are not recommended for children or adolescents under 18 years of age. There is insufficient data regarding safety and efficacy in this population.
Driving and Operating Machinery
Rivaroxaban STADA Arzneimittel AG may cause dizziness (a common side effect) and fainting (an uncommon side effect). If you experience these symptoms, do not drive, cycle, or operate tools or machinery until the symptoms resolve. You are personally responsible for assessing your fitness to drive or perform tasks requiring alertness.
Important Information About Excipients
Rivaroxaban STADA Arzneimittel AG contains lactose. If you have been told by your doctor that you have an intolerance to some sugars, contact your doctor before taking this medicine. This medicine also contains less than 1 mmol (23 mg) sodium per tablet, meaning it is essentially sodium-free.
How Does Rivaroxaban STADA Arzneimittel AG Interact with Other Drugs?
Quick Answer: Rivaroxaban STADA Arzneimittel AG has significant interactions with antifungal drugs (ketoconazole, itraconazole), HIV protease inhibitors (ritonavir), certain antibiotics (clarithromycin, rifampicin), other anticoagulants, NSAIDs, and some antiepileptics. These can either increase bleeding risk or reduce the effectiveness of rivaroxaban.
Drug interactions with rivaroxaban are clinically significant because they can either increase the anticoagulant effect (raising bleeding risk) or decrease it (reducing protection against blood clots). Rivaroxaban is metabolized primarily through the CYP3A4 enzyme pathway and is a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Drugs that strongly inhibit or induce these pathways can substantially alter rivaroxaban blood levels. Always inform your doctor about all medications you are taking, including over-the-counter medicines, herbal supplements, and vitamins.
Drugs That May Increase Rivaroxaban's Effect (Increased Bleeding Risk)
| Drug / Drug Class | Examples | Mechanism | Clinical Significance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Azole antifungals | Ketoconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole | Strong CYP3A4 and P-gp inhibition | Major — significantly increases rivaroxaban levels |
| HIV protease inhibitors | Ritonavir | Strong CYP3A4 inhibition | Major — significantly increases rivaroxaban levels |
| Macrolide antibiotics | Clarithromycin, erythromycin | Moderate CYP3A4 inhibition | Moderate — closer monitoring may be needed |
| Other anticoagulants | Warfarin, dabigatran, apixaban, enoxaparin, heparin | Additive anticoagulant effect | Major — concomitant use contraindicated (except during transitions) |
| Antiplatelet agents | Clopidogrel, prasugrel, ticagrelor, ticlopidine | Additive antihaemostatic effect | Moderate to Major — prasugrel and ticagrelor not recommended with rivaroxaban |
| NSAIDs | Naproxen, ibuprofen, aspirin (analgesic doses) | Impaired platelet function, GI mucosal damage | Moderate — increased GI bleeding risk |
| SSRIs / SNRIs | Sertraline, fluoxetine, venlafaxine, duloxetine | Impaired platelet serotonin uptake | Moderate — increased bleeding tendency |
| Antiarrhythmics | Dronedarone | CYP3A4 and P-gp inhibition | Moderate — limited data available |
Drugs That May Decrease Rivaroxaban's Effect (Reduced Protection)
| Drug / Drug Class | Examples | Mechanism | Clinical Significance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Antiepileptics (enzyme inducers) | Phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital | Strong CYP3A4 induction | Major — may significantly reduce rivaroxaban levels |
| Rifamycin antibiotics | Rifampicin | Strong CYP3A4 and P-gp induction | Major — substantially reduces rivaroxaban levels |
| Herbal products | St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) | CYP3A4 and P-gp induction | Moderate — may reduce rivaroxaban effectiveness |
If your doctor considers that you are at increased risk of developing stomach or intestinal ulcers, preventive treatment (such as a proton pump inhibitor) may be prescribed.
What Is the Correct Dosage of Rivaroxaban STADA Arzneimittel AG?
Quick Answer: The recommended dose is one 2.5 mg tablet taken twice daily (morning and evening), always in combination with aspirin 75–100 mg daily. It can be taken with or without food. Tablets can be crushed and mixed with water or applesauce if swallowing is difficult.
Always take Rivaroxaban STADA Arzneimittel AG exactly as your doctor has told you. The dosing regimen for the 2.5 mg formulation is consistent across its approved indications, but the accompanying antiplatelet therapy may vary depending on the clinical situation. Your doctor will determine how long you should continue treatment based on your individual cardiovascular risk profile.
Adults
Standard Dosage
Dose: 2.5 mg twice daily (one tablet in the morning, one tablet in the evening)
Timing: Take at approximately the same times each day, roughly 12 hours apart
With food: Can be taken with or without food
Combination: Always with aspirin (75–100 mg daily), and sometimes clopidogrel or ticlopidine as directed by your doctor
| Indication | Rivaroxaban Dose | Combination Therapy | Treatment Start |
|---|---|---|---|
| After Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) | 2.5 mg twice daily | Aspirin 75–100 mg/day ± clopidogrel 75 mg/day or ticlopidine | As soon as ACS is stabilized, earliest 24 hours after hospital admission |
| Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) | 2.5 mg twice daily | Aspirin 75–100 mg/day | As directed by your doctor |
| Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) | 2.5 mg twice daily | Aspirin 75–100 mg/day (± short-term clopidogrel after revascularization) | As directed by your doctor |
Difficulty Swallowing
If you have difficulty swallowing the tablet whole, speak to your doctor about alternative methods. The tablet can be crushed and mixed with water or applesauce immediately before taking it. Crushed tablets remain stable in water or applesauce for up to 4 hours. If needed, your doctor may also administer the crushed tablet through a nasogastric tube.
Children and Adolescents
Rivaroxaban STADA Arzneimittel AG 2.5 mg is not recommended for patients under 18 years of age. The safety and efficacy of this formulation have not been established in pediatric populations for cardiovascular indications.
Elderly Patients
No dose adjustment is required based on age alone. However, elderly patients (particularly those over 75 years) are at increased risk of bleeding, and careful clinical monitoring is recommended. Your doctor will consider your overall risk profile, including kidney function and body weight, when deciding on treatment.
Missed Dose
Do not take a double dose to make up for a forgotten dose. Simply take your next dose at the regular scheduled time. Maintaining a consistent dosing schedule is important for optimal cardiovascular protection.
Overdose
If you take too much Rivaroxaban STADA Arzneimittel AG, or if a child accidentally ingests this medicine, contact your doctor, hospital, or poison control center immediately. Taking too much rivaroxaban increases the risk of bleeding. There is no specific antidote readily available in all settings, though andexanet alfa (a reversal agent for Factor Xa inhibitors) may be used in hospital for life-threatening or uncontrolled bleeding.
Stopping Treatment
Do not stop taking Rivaroxaban STADA Arzneimittel AG without first talking to your doctor. Discontinuing this medicine without medical supervision may increase the risk of a new heart attack, stroke, or death from cardiovascular causes. If you need to stop treatment for any reason (such as surgery), your doctor will provide specific guidance on when to stop and when to restart.
What Are the Side Effects of Rivaroxaban STADA Arzneimittel AG?
Quick Answer: The most common side effects are bleeding (including nosebleeds, gum bleeding, gastrointestinal bleeding, and bruising), anemia, dizziness, headache, low blood pressure, nausea, and skin rash. Serious side effects include intracranial hemorrhage and severe allergic reactions. Seek immediate medical help for signs of major bleeding.
Like all medicines, Rivaroxaban STADA Arzneimittel AG can cause side effects, although not everyone experiences them. As a blood-thinning medication, the most significant risk is bleeding, which can occur in any part of the body. Some bleeding may be hidden (not visible externally) and may manifest as unexplained tiredness, weakness, paleness, dizziness, headache, or swelling. Excessive bleeding can lead to a sudden drop in blood pressure (shock) and can be life-threatening in severe cases.
- Signs of brain bleeding: severe headache, one-sided weakness, vomiting, seizures, decreased consciousness, neck stiffness
- Prolonged or heavy bleeding from any site
- Unexplained symptoms: unusual weakness, tiredness, paleness, dizziness, shortness of breath, chest pain
- Severe skin reactions: widespread rash, blisters, sore mucous membranes (Stevens-Johnson syndrome)
- Severe allergic reactions: swelling of face, lips, tongue, or throat; difficulty breathing; sudden drop in blood pressure
Common
May affect up to 1 in 10 people
- Anemia (decreased red blood cells) causing paleness, weakness, or shortness of breath
- Bleeding in stomach or intestines, urinary or genital tract bleeding (including blood in urine and heavy menstrual bleeding)
- Nosebleed (epistaxis) and gum bleeding
- Bleeding in the eye (including bleeding from the whites of the eyes)
- Bruising and bleeding into tissues or body cavities (hematoma)
- Coughing up blood (hemoptysis)
- Bleeding from skin or under the skin
- Post-procedural hemorrhage, oozing from surgical wound
- Swelling or pain in the limbs
- Impaired kidney function (seen in laboratory tests)
- Fever
- Stomach pain, digestive discomfort, nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea
- Low blood pressure (may cause dizziness or fainting on standing)
- Decreased general strength and energy (weakness, fatigue), headache, dizziness
- Skin rash, itching
- Elevated liver enzymes (seen in blood tests)
Uncommon
May affect up to 1 in 100 people
- Bleeding in the brain or inside the skull (intracranial hemorrhage)
- Bleeding into a joint causing pain and swelling (hemarthrosis)
- Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count)
- Allergic reactions including allergic skin reactions
- Impaired liver function (seen in laboratory tests)
- Elevated bilirubin, pancreatic or liver enzyme levels
- Fainting (syncope)
- Feeling unwell (malaise)
- Increased heart rate (tachycardia)
- Dry mouth
- Hives (urticaria)
Rare
May affect up to 1 in 1,000 people
- Bleeding into a muscle
- Cholestasis (reduced bile flow), hepatitis including hepatocellular damage
- Jaundice (yellowing of skin and eyes)
- Localized swelling
- Pseudoaneurysm (groin hematoma as a complication of cardiac catheterization)
Very Rare
May affect up to 1 in 10,000 people
- Eosinophilic pneumonia (accumulation of eosinophils causing lung inflammation)
- Anaphylactic reactions including anaphylactic shock
- Stevens-Johnson syndrome / toxic epidermal necrolysis (severe skin reactions)
- DRESS syndrome (Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms)
Frequency Not Known
Cannot be estimated from available data
- Kidney failure after severe bleeding
- Renal bleeding, sometimes with blood in urine, leading to kidney dysfunction (anticoagulant-related nephropathy)
- Compartment syndrome after bleeding (increased pressure in muscles of limbs causing pain, swelling, numbness, or paralysis)
How Should You Store Rivaroxaban STADA Arzneimittel AG?
Quick Answer: Store at room temperature, out of the reach of children, and use before the expiration date on the packaging. No special storage conditions required. Crushed tablets mixed with water or applesauce are stable for up to 4 hours.
Keep this medicine out of the sight and reach of children. Do not use this medicine after the expiry date stated on the carton and on each blister after "EXP." The expiry date refers to the last day of the stated month. There are no special storage requirements for intact tablets — they can be stored at normal room temperature.
If you have crushed the tablet and mixed it with water or applesauce, the mixture remains stable for up to 4 hours. After that time, any unused mixture should be discarded.
Do not dispose of medicines in wastewater or household waste. Ask your pharmacist how to dispose of medicines you no longer use. These measures help protect the environment.
What Does Rivaroxaban STADA Arzneimittel AG Contain?
Quick Answer: Each film-coated tablet contains 2.5 mg of rivaroxaban as the active ingredient. Inactive ingredients include lactose monohydrate, microcrystalline cellulose, and various excipients. The tablets are light yellow, round, biconvex, approximately 6 mm in diameter.
Active Ingredient
Each film-coated tablet contains 2.5 mg rivaroxaban.
Inactive Ingredients (Excipients)
Tablet core: Microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, povidone, pregelatinized starch, crospovidone, sodium lauryl sulfate, magnesium stearate.
Film coating: Hypromellose (E464), titanium dioxide (E171), macrogol 4000 (E1521), yellow iron oxide (E172).
Appearance and Packaging
Rivaroxaban STADA Arzneimittel AG 2.5 mg tablets are light yellow, round, biconvex film-coated tablets with a diameter of approximately 6 mm. They are supplied in blisters or unit-dose blisters in pack sizes ranging from 10 to 196 tablets. Not all pack sizes may be marketed in every country.
Marketing Authorization Holder: STADA Arzneimittel AG, Stadastrasse 2–18, 61118 Bad Vilbel, Germany.
Manufacturing Site: Laboratorios Liconsa S.A., Avenida Miralcampo 7, Poligono Industrial Miralcampo, 19200 Guadalajara, Spain.
Frequently Asked Questions About Rivaroxaban STADA Arzneimittel AG
Medical References
- European Medicines Agency (EMA). Rivaroxaban — Summary of Product Characteristics. Available at: www.ema.europa.eu. Accessed January 2026.
- Mega JL, Braunwald E, Wiviott SD, et al. Rivaroxaban in Patients with a Recent Acute Coronary Syndrome (ATLAS ACS 2-TIMI 51). N Engl J Med. 2012;366(1):9–19. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1112277
- Eikelboom JW, Connolly SJ, Bosch J, et al. Rivaroxaban with or without Aspirin in Stable Cardiovascular Disease (COMPASS). N Engl J Med. 2017;377(14):1319–1330. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1709118
- Hindricks G, Potpara T, Dagres N, et al. 2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(5):373–498.
- World Health Organization. WHO Model List of Essential Medicines — 23rd List, 2023. Geneva: WHO; 2023.
- Steffel J, Collins R, Antz M, et al. 2021 European Heart Rhythm Association Practical Guide on the Use of Non-Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. Europace. 2021;23(10):1612–1676.
- Connolly SJ, Eikelboom JW, Bosch J, et al. Rivaroxaban with or without aspirin in patients with stable coronary artery disease: an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (COMPASS). Lancet. 2018;391(10117):205–218.
- British National Formulary (BNF). Rivaroxaban. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Available at: bnf.nice.org.uk. Accessed January 2026.
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