NeoRecormon
Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agent for Anaemia Treatment
Quick Facts About NeoRecormon
Key Takeaways About NeoRecormon
- Stimulates red blood cell production: NeoRecormon is a recombinant erythropoietin that mimics the body's natural hormone to treat anaemia by boosting red blood cell production in the bone marrow
- Iron supplementation is essential: Nearly all patients require iron supplements during treatment, as increased red blood cell production rapidly depletes iron stores
- Blood pressure monitoring required: NeoRecormon can cause or worsen hypertension, particularly in patients with chronic kidney disease; regular blood pressure monitoring is critical
- Use the lowest effective dose: Haemoglobin targets should not exceed 12 g/dL in cancer patients or 11–12 g/dL in renal anaemia, as higher levels are associated with increased cardiovascular risk
- Self-injection possible after training: Patients can learn to self-administer subcutaneous injections at home using the pre-filled syringe after receiving proper training from a healthcare professional
What Is NeoRecormon and What Is It Used For?
NeoRecormon is an injectable medicine containing epoetin beta, a recombinant human erythropoietin that stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells. It is used to treat anaemia (low red blood cell count) caused by chronic kidney disease, cancer chemotherapy, and prematurity, as well as to support autologous blood donation before surgery.
NeoRecormon is a clear, colourless solution for injection under the skin (subcutaneously) or into a vein (intravenously). The active substance, epoetin beta, is produced using recombinant DNA technology and functions in exactly the same way as the body's natural erythropoietin hormone. Erythropoietin is normally produced by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in the blood, and it acts on the bone marrow to stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of erythroid progenitor cells into mature red blood cells.
When the kidneys are damaged, as in chronic kidney disease (CKD), they produce insufficient erythropoietin, leading to renal anaemia. This is the most common indication for NeoRecormon. The Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines recommend erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) for patients with CKD-associated anaemia when haemoglobin levels fall below 10 g/dL and other treatable causes of anaemia (iron deficiency, vitamin B12 or folate deficiency) have been excluded or corrected.
NeoRecormon is also used in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy who develop symptomatic anaemia. Chemotherapy drugs can suppress the bone marrow's ability to produce blood cells, resulting in fatigue, weakness, and reduced quality of life. The European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) and the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) recommend ESAs for chemotherapy-induced anaemia when haemoglobin falls below 10 g/dL, provided the goal is to avoid red blood cell transfusions rather than to normalise haemoglobin levels completely.
In premature infants (birth weight 750–1,500 g, born before 34 weeks of gestation), NeoRecormon is used to prevent anaemia of prematurity. Premature infants have an immature erythropoietin response and frequently require blood transfusions. By stimulating their own red blood cell production, NeoRecormon can reduce the need for transfusions in this vulnerable population.
Finally, NeoRecormon can be used in patients scheduled for major surgery who plan to donate their own blood beforehand (autologous blood donation). By stimulating increased red blood cell production before surgery, NeoRecormon allows more blood to be collected and stored for use during or after the procedure, reducing the need for donor blood transfusions.
Erythropoietin was first identified in the 1960s, and recombinant forms became available for clinical use in the late 1980s, transforming the management of renal anaemia. Before ESAs, patients with chronic kidney disease often required frequent blood transfusions, which carried risks of iron overload, infections, and immunological sensitisation. NeoRecormon (epoetin beta) was developed by Roche and has been approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for use across the European Union.
What Should You Know Before Using NeoRecormon?
Before starting NeoRecormon, your doctor must confirm the cause of your anaemia, check your blood pressure, and review your medical history. NeoRecormon should not be used if you have uncontrolled hypertension, and caution is required in patients with a history of blood clots, seizures, or liver disease.
Contraindications
You should not use NeoRecormon if any of the following apply to you:
- Allergy to epoetin beta or any of the other ingredients in NeoRecormon (listed in the Ingredients section below)
- Uncontrolled high blood pressure – blood pressure must be adequately managed before and during ESA treatment
- Autologous blood donation patients who have had a heart attack or stroke in the month before treatment, unstable angina (new or worsening chest pain), or are at risk of deep vein thrombosis (e.g. history of blood clots)
Warnings and Precautions
Talk to your doctor before using NeoRecormon if you have or have had any of the following:
- Deficiency of B-vitamins (folate or vitamin B12) – these must be corrected before starting ESA treatment, as they are essential for red blood cell production
- High aluminium levels in the blood – elevated aluminium can impair the response to erythropoietin, particularly in dialysis patients
- Increased platelet count – erythropoietin treatment can cause a mild-to-moderate increase in platelet count, which may affect blood clotting
- Chronic liver disease – liver function may influence the response to treatment
- Epilepsy or seizure history – ESAs have been associated with an increased risk of seizures, particularly in the early phase of treatment when haemoglobin rises quickly
- History of anti-erythropoietin antibodies or pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) – if you have previously developed antibodies against any erythropoietin product leading to PRCA, you must not switch to NeoRecormon
If you have chronic kidney disease and do not respond adequately to NeoRecormon, your doctor will carefully evaluate your dose. Repeated dose increases in non-responsive patients can increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, and death. The KDIGO guidelines and EMA recommend targeting the lowest haemoglobin level sufficient to avoid transfusions, generally not exceeding 11.5–12 g/dL.
In cancer patients, NeoRecormon may act as a growth factor for blood cells and could potentially have a negative impact on tumour progression. In some clinical trials, ESAs were associated with decreased survival and increased tumour progression when used to target haemoglobin levels above 12 g/dL. Your doctor will discuss whether NeoRecormon or blood transfusion is more appropriate for your situation.
Serious skin reactions including Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) have been reported with epoetin treatment. These may begin as reddish target-like spots or circular patches on the trunk, often with central blisters, and can be accompanied by mouth, throat, nose, and genital sores. If you develop a severe rash or any of these skin symptoms, stop NeoRecormon and contact your doctor or hospital immediately.
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
There is limited experience with NeoRecormon in pregnant or breastfeeding women. Animal studies have not demonstrated teratogenic effects, but the potential risk for humans is unknown. If you are pregnant, think you may be pregnant, or are planning to become pregnant, consult your doctor before using NeoRecormon. Your doctor will weigh the potential benefits against any possible risks before recommending treatment.
It is not known whether epoetin beta passes into breast milk. If you are breastfeeding, discuss with your doctor whether you should continue breastfeeding during treatment with NeoRecormon.
Driving and Operating Machinery
No effects on the ability to drive or operate machinery have been observed with NeoRecormon. However, if you experience dizziness or headache (particularly at the start of treatment), exercise caution when performing tasks that require alertness.
Special Ingredients
NeoRecormon contains phenylalanine, which may be harmful for people with phenylketonuria (PKU). If you have PKU, discuss your treatment with NeoRecormon with your doctor. The medicine also contains less than 1 mmol sodium (23 mg) per dose, making it essentially sodium-free. Additionally, it contains polysorbate 20, which may cause allergic reactions in some individuals. Inform your doctor if you have any known allergies.
How Does NeoRecormon Interact with Other Drugs?
NeoRecormon has relatively few direct drug interactions, but its effects on blood counts and blood pressure can influence the management of several concomitant medications. Iron supplementation is essential for optimal response, and heparin dosing may need adjustment in dialysis patients.
Tell your doctor about all medications you are taking, including prescription medicines, over-the-counter products, and herbal supplements. While epoetin beta has a relatively limited drug interaction profile compared to oral medications, several clinically important considerations apply during treatment.
As NeoRecormon increases the production of red blood cells, the body's demand for iron rises significantly. Most patients require oral or intravenous iron supplementation to maintain adequate iron stores and ensure an optimal response to treatment. Your doctor will regularly monitor your serum ferritin and transferrin saturation levels to guide iron therapy.
In haemodialysis patients, the increase in red blood cell mass (haematocrit) caused by NeoRecormon can affect the viscosity of the blood, potentially requiring adjustment of the heparin dose used during dialysis sessions to prevent clotting of the dialysis circuit. Additionally, patients with arteriovenous fistulas who have low blood pressure or fistula complications may be at increased risk of shunt thrombosis.
Notable Drug Interactions
| Drug | Category | Effect | Recommendation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Iron supplements | Haematinic | Essential for adequate red blood cell production; functional iron deficiency is very common during ESA treatment | Monitor ferritin and transferrin saturation; supplement as needed (oral or IV) |
| Heparin | Anticoagulant | Rising haematocrit may increase blood viscosity, potentially causing dialysis circuit clotting | Dialysis patients may require heparin dose adjustment; monitor for shunt thrombosis |
| Cyclosporine | Immunosuppressant | Cyclosporine binds to red blood cells; rising haematocrit may alter free cyclosporine levels | Monitor cyclosporine levels and adjust dose if necessary |
| ACE inhibitors | Antihypertensive | May reduce the response to ESAs, potentially requiring higher doses of NeoRecormon | Monitor haemoglobin response closely; dose adjustment of NeoRecormon may be needed |
| Antihypertensives | Blood pressure medications | NeoRecormon can raise blood pressure, potentially counteracting antihypertensive treatment | Monitor blood pressure regularly; antihypertensive dose may need to be increased |
| Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) | Antiplatelet | May be prescribed to reduce risk of shunt thrombosis in haemodialysis patients | Your doctor may prescribe low-dose aspirin if you are at risk of fistula thrombosis |
What Is the Correct Dosage of NeoRecormon?
The dose of NeoRecormon is individualised based on your medical condition, route of administration, body weight, and haemoglobin response. Your doctor will use the lowest effective dose to control anaemia. Treatment is divided into a correction phase and a maintenance phase.
Always use NeoRecormon exactly as your doctor has told you. Treatment should be initiated under medical supervision. After appropriate training, you may be able to administer subcutaneous injections yourself at home. NeoRecormon can be injected under the skin in the abdomen, arm, or thigh, or into a vein. Your doctor will determine the most suitable route for you.
Renal Anaemia (Chronic Kidney Disease)
Treatment for renal anaemia is divided into two phases:
Correction Phase
Subcutaneous injection: Starting dose of 20 IU/kg body weight three times per week. If the response is insufficient after 4 weeks, the dose may be increased to 40 IU/kg three times per week. Further monthly increases may be made if necessary.
Intravenous injection: Starting dose of 40 IU/kg body weight three times per week. If the response is insufficient after 4 weeks, the dose may be increased to 80 IU/kg three times per week. Further monthly increases may be made if necessary.
Maximum dose: 720 IU/kg body weight per week for both routes of administration.
Maintenance Phase
Once haemoglobin reaches an adequate level, the dose is reduced to half of the correction dose. The total weekly dose can be given as a single injection once per week, or divided into three or seven doses per week. If haemoglobin is stable on once-weekly dosing, your doctor may switch you to dosing every two weeks, in which case a dose increase may be necessary.
Your doctor will adjust the dose every one to two weeks to find your individual maintenance dose.
Children with renal anaemia follow the same dosing guidelines but typically require higher doses than adults (the younger the child, the higher the dose needed per kilogram). Treatment is usually long-term but may be interrupted at any time if necessary.
Anaemia in Premature Infants
Premature Infants (Birth weight 750–1,500 g, born before 34 weeks)
Route: Subcutaneous injection
Dose: 250 IU/kg body weight, three times per week
Duration: 6 weeks
Premature infants who have already received blood transfusions before starting NeoRecormon may benefit less from treatment compared to infants who have not been transfused.
Chemotherapy-Related Anaemia in Adults
Adults Receiving Chemotherapy
Route: Subcutaneous injection
Starting criteria: Haemoglobin ≤ 10 g/dL
Initial dose: 30,000 IU per week (given as a single weekly injection or divided into 3–7 injections per week)
Target haemoglobin: 10–12 g/dL (must not exceed 12 g/dL)
Maximum dose: 60,000 IU per week
Duration: Continue for up to 4 weeks after the end of chemotherapy
Autologous Blood Donation Before Surgery
Pre-Surgical Autologous Blood Donation
Route: Intravenous or subcutaneous injection
Dose: Individualised based on the patient's condition, red blood cell level, and planned volume of blood to be donated
Frequency: Twice per week for 4 weeks
Timing: NeoRecormon is given at the end of each blood donation session
Maximum dose: 1,600 IU/kg/week (IV) or 1,200 IU/kg/week (SC)
Requirements: Patient must be capable of donating blood, haemoglobin ≥ 11 g/dL, body weight ideally ≥ 50 kg, and no more than 12% of total blood volume should be taken at any single session
Missed Dose
If you think you have missed an injection or injected too little, contact your doctor for advice. Do not take a double dose to make up for a missed dose. Your doctor will help you determine the best course of action.
Overdose
If you think you have injected more NeoRecormon than prescribed, contact your doctor. Acute overdose is unlikely to cause serious symptoms. No signs of toxicity have been observed even at very high blood levels. However, chronic overuse can lead to excessively high haemoglobin levels, which increases the risk of thromboembolic events. Your doctor will monitor your blood counts and reduce or temporarily stop the dose if haemoglobin rises too quickly or exceeds target levels.
Misuse of NeoRecormon by healthy individuals can lead to an excessive increase in red blood cells, making the blood abnormally thick (hyperviscosity). This can cause life-threatening complications of the heart and blood vessels, including heart attack and stroke. NeoRecormon is a prescription medicine and should only be used as directed by a doctor for approved indications.
What Are the Side Effects of NeoRecormon?
Like all medicines, NeoRecormon can cause side effects, although not everybody gets them. The most common side effect is decreased iron levels, requiring supplementation in nearly all patients. Blood pressure increases and headache are common in patients with chronic kidney disease.
Side effects may vary depending on the condition being treated. The frequency categories below follow the standard European classification: very common (>1/10), common (1/10 to 1/100), uncommon (1/100 to 1/1,000), rare (<1/1,000), and very rare (<1/10,000).
Side Effects in All Patients
Very Common
- Decreased iron levels in the blood (functional iron deficiency)
Rare
- Allergic reactions (skin rash, urticaria, itching)
- Injection site reactions
Very Rare
- Severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) – difficulty breathing, facial or throat swelling, collapse; seek emergency medical help immediately
- Flu-like symptoms (fever, chills, headache, limb pain, bone pain, malaise) – especially at the start of treatment; usually mild and resolve within hours to days
- Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (severe skin reactions)
Additional Side Effects in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
Very Common
- High blood pressure (hypertension) or worsening of existing hypertension
- Headache
Very Rare
- Increased potassium and phosphate levels in the blood
- Shunt (fistula) thrombosis in haemodialysis patients
- Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) – the body stops or greatly reduces red blood cell production due to anti-erythropoietin antibodies
Sudden severe headache, especially if stinging or migraine-like, confusion, speech difficulties, unsteady gait, seizures, or convulsions. These may be signs of a hypertensive crisis, even if your blood pressure is usually normal or low. Also seek emergency help if you develop unusual wheezing, difficulty breathing, swelling of the tongue, face, or throat, or swelling around the injection site, or if you feel faint or collapse.
Additional Side Effects in Cancer Patients
Cancer patients receiving NeoRecormon alongside chemotherapy may experience occasional increases in blood pressure and headache. An increased incidence of thromboembolic events (blood clots) has been observed in cancer patients treated with ESAs. Your doctor will weigh this risk against the benefits of avoiding blood transfusions.
Additional Side Effects in Pre-Surgical Autologous Donation
A slightly increased incidence of thromboembolic events has been observed in patients receiving NeoRecormon for autologous blood donation before surgery. A causal relationship with NeoRecormon treatment has not been definitively established, and it may be partly related to the surgical procedure itself.
How Should You Store NeoRecormon?
Store NeoRecormon in the refrigerator (2°C–8°C), protected from light in the outer carton. Do not freeze. The pre-filled syringe may be removed from the refrigerator and stored at room temperature (not above 25°C) for a single period of up to 3 days.
Proper storage of NeoRecormon is essential to maintain the stability and effectiveness of the medicine. The recombinant erythropoietin protein is sensitive to temperature and light, so the following storage conditions must be observed:
- Keep out of sight and reach of children
- Store in the refrigerator at 2°C to 8°C (normal refrigerator temperature)
- Keep the pre-filled syringe in the outer carton to protect from light
- Do not freeze – do not use if the syringe has been frozen
- Room temperature storage: The syringe may be taken out of the refrigerator and stored at room temperature (not above 25°C) for a single period of up to 3 days
- Do not use after the expiry date (EXP) shown on the carton and label; the expiry date refers to the last day of that month
- Do not speed up warming – never place the syringe in a microwave or hot water
Dispose of used syringes in a sharps container immediately after use. Do not throw syringes in household waste or flush them down the drain. Ask your pharmacist how to dispose of medicines you no longer use. These measures help protect the environment.
What Does NeoRecormon Contain?
The active substance is epoetin beta. NeoRecormon is available in pre-filled syringes containing 500 to 30,000 IU. Inactive ingredients include urea, sodium chloride, polysorbate 20, sodium phosphate buffers, calcium chloride, glycine, amino acids, and water for injections.
Active Substance
Each pre-filled syringe contains epoetin beta in one of the following strengths: 500, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, 5,000, 6,000, 10,000, 20,000, or 30,000 IU (International Units) in either 0.3 mL or 0.6 mL of solution.
Inactive Ingredients (Excipients)
The other ingredients are: urea, sodium chloride, polysorbate 20, sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate, disodium phosphate dodecahydrate, calcium chloride dihydrate, glycine, L-leucine, L-isoleucine, L-threonine, L-glutamic acid, L-phenylalanine, and water for injections.
Appearance and Pack Sizes
NeoRecormon is a clear, colourless to slightly opalescent solution in a pre-filled syringe. Lower strengths (500–6,000 IU) contain 0.3 mL of solution and are packaged with 30G½ needles. Higher strengths (10,000–30,000 IU) contain 0.6 mL of solution and come with 27G½ needles. Pack sizes include 1 or 6 pre-filled syringes with corresponding needles (except the 30,000 IU strength, which is available in packs of 1 or 4).
| Strength (IU) | Volume | Needle Gauge | Pack Sizes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 500 | 0.3 mL | 30G½ | 1 or 6 syringes |
| 2,000–6,000 | 0.3 mL | 27G½ | 1 or 6 syringes |
| 10,000–20,000 | 0.6 mL | 27G½ | 1 or 6 syringes |
| 30,000 | 0.6 mL | 27G½ | 1 or 4 syringes |
How Do You Self-Inject NeoRecormon?
NeoRecormon can be self-administered by subcutaneous injection after you have been trained by a healthcare professional. The pre-filled syringe comes with a safety-shielded needle to prevent accidental needle-stick injuries.
If your doctor has determined that home administration is appropriate for you, the following general steps apply. Always follow the specific instructions provided by your healthcare professional, as they take precedence over any general guidance.
Preparation
- Remove the syringe from the refrigerator and allow it to reach room temperature for 30 minutes before injection. Do not speed up warming using a microwave or hot water.
- Check the carton for damage and verify the expiry date. Do not use if expired or if the carton or seal is broken.
- Inspect the solution: it should be clear and colourless. Do not use if it is cloudy, discoloured, or contains particles.
- Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water.
- Prepare the syringe by attaching the needle: remove the rubber cap from the syringe tip, then firmly push and gently twist the needle onto the syringe.
Injection Technique (Subcutaneous)
- Choose an injection site: upper thigh or lower abdomen (at least 5 cm from the navel). Rotate sites with each injection.
- Clean the site with an alcohol swab and allow it to air-dry for 10 seconds.
- Remove the needle cap. Tap the syringe gently to move any air bubbles to the top, then slowly push the plunger to expel them.
- Adjust to your prescribed dose by slowly pressing the plunger upward.
- Pinch the skin at the injection site and insert the needle at a 45° to 90° angle with a quick, firm motion.
- Inject slowly by pressing the plunger all the way down.
- Withdraw the needle at the same angle and activate the safety shield by pressing it down against a flat surface until you hear a click.
After the Injection
- Apply gentle pressure with a sterile gauze pad if there is any bleeding. Do not rub the injection site.
- Dispose of the used syringe immediately in a sharps container. Never recap the needle or try to remove it from the syringe.
- Keep the sharps container out of the reach of children.
Allowing the syringe to warm to room temperature before injection helps reduce discomfort. Use the syringe within 5 minutes of removing the needle cap, as the needle may become blocked if left uncapped for longer. If you have any questions or concerns about self-injection, contact your healthcare provider.
Frequently Asked Questions About NeoRecormon
NeoRecormon (epoetin beta) is used to treat anaemia caused by chronic kidney disease in patients on or not yet on dialysis, to prevent anaemia in premature infants (birth weight 750–1,500 g, born before 34 weeks), to treat symptomatic anaemia in adult cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, and to increase the amount of blood available for autologous transfusion before planned surgery. It works by stimulating the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells.
NeoRecormon is given as an injection either under the skin (subcutaneously) or into a vein (intravenously). Subcutaneous injection can be self-administered by the patient at home after receiving proper training. The recommended injection sites are the upper thigh and lower abdomen. Intravenous administration is typically performed by healthcare professionals, often via the arteriovenous fistula at the end of haemodialysis. Your doctor will decide the most appropriate route for your condition.
NeoRecormon stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells, and this process requires a large supply of iron. Without sufficient iron, the red blood cells cannot be formed properly, and NeoRecormon will not work effectively. Most patients develop functional iron deficiency during treatment because their body's iron stores become depleted faster than they can be replenished through diet alone. Your doctor will regularly check your iron levels (serum ferritin and transferrin saturation) and prescribe oral or intravenous iron supplements as needed.
Clinical trials have shown that targeting haemoglobin levels above 12–13 g/dL with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents is associated with an increased risk of serious cardiovascular events including heart attack, stroke, heart failure, and death. In cancer patients, higher haemoglobin targets have also been linked to decreased survival and tumour progression. International guidelines (KDIGO, ESMO, ASCO) recommend using the lowest dose of ESAs sufficient to reduce the need for blood transfusions, typically aiming for haemoglobin levels between 10 and 12 g/dL.
There is limited experience with NeoRecormon during pregnancy. Animal studies have not shown harm to the developing foetus, but the potential risk in humans is unknown. If you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or breastfeeding, you should discuss the risks and benefits with your doctor before using NeoRecormon. Your doctor will determine whether treatment is appropriate for your individual situation.
NeoRecormon begins stimulating red blood cell production within days, and increases in reticulocyte count (young red blood cells) can be detected within the first 1–2 weeks. However, a clinically meaningful increase in haemoglobin levels typically takes 2 to 6 weeks of treatment. Your doctor will take regular blood samples to monitor your haemoglobin and adjust the dose accordingly. The time to response may vary depending on your iron stores, the severity of your anaemia, and your underlying condition.
References
This article is based on the following evidence-based sources and international medical guidelines:
- European Medicines Agency (EMA). NeoRecormon – Summary of Product Characteristics. Available at: www.ema.europa.eu.
- KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney International Supplements. 2012;2(4):279–335. doi:10.1038/kisup.2012.37
- Bohlius J, Bohlke K, Castelli R, et al. Management of Cancer-Associated Anemia with Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents: ASCO/ASH Clinical Practice Guideline Update. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2019;37(15):1336–1351.
- Drexler C, et al. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and anaemia of prematurity. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2023. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004863.pub5
- Pfeffer MA, Burdmann EA, Chen CY, et al. A Trial of Darbepoetin Alfa in Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease (TREAT). New England Journal of Medicine. 2009;361(21):2019–2032.
- Singh AK, Szczech L, Tang KL, et al. Correction of Anemia with Epoetin Alfa in Chronic Kidney Disease (CHOIR). New England Journal of Medicine. 2006;355(20):2085–2098.
- World Health Organization. Model List of Essential Medicines (23rd list, 2023). Available at: www.who.int.
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents (Epoetin and Darbepoetin) for Treating Anaemia in People with Cancer Having Chemotherapy (TA323). 2014.
About the Medical Editorial Team
This article was written and medically reviewed by the iMedic Medical Editorial Team, a group of licensed specialist physicians with expertise in nephrology, haematology, and clinical pharmacology. All content is based on current international guidelines and peer-reviewed research.
Every article undergoes a rigorous multi-step review: initial research and drafting by medical writers, clinical accuracy review by specialist physicians, and final verification against current international guidelines (KDIGO, EMA, NICE, ASCO).
We adhere to Evidence Level 1A, the highest quality of evidence based on systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. All medical claims are supported by references to peer-reviewed publications and international guidelines.