Losartan Viatris
Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker for Hypertension, Diabetic Nephropathy and Heart Failure
Quick Facts About Losartan Viatris
Key Takeaways About Losartan Viatris
- Proven cardiovascular and renal protection: Losartan effectively lowers blood pressure, protects kidney function in diabetic nephropathy, and reduces stroke risk in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy (LIFE study)
- Once-daily dosing: Taken once daily with or without food, with the maximum antihypertensive effect reached within 3–6 weeks of treatment
- Contraindicated in pregnancy: Losartan must not be used during the last 6 months of pregnancy and is not recommended in the first trimester, as it can cause serious harm to the unborn baby
- Monitor potassium levels: Losartan can increase serum potassium – avoid combining with potassium-sparing diuretics or potassium supplements without medical supervision
- Avoid with aliskiren in diabetic patients: The combination of losartan and aliskiren is contraindicated in patients with diabetes or renal impairment due to the risk of hyperkalaemia, hypotension, and worsening kidney function
What Is Losartan Viatris and What Is It Used For?
Losartan Viatris contains the active substance losartan, which belongs to a group of medicines called angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs). It works by blocking the binding of angiotensin II to its receptors in blood vessels, preventing vasoconstriction and thereby lowering blood pressure and reducing strain on the heart and kidneys.
Angiotensin II is a naturally occurring hormone in the body that plays a central role in regulating blood pressure and fluid balance. When angiotensin II binds to its type 1 (AT1) receptors on blood vessel walls, it causes the vessels to constrict (narrow), which increases blood pressure. It also stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal glands, promoting sodium and water retention by the kidneys, further contributing to elevated blood pressure. Losartan selectively blocks these AT1 receptors, preventing angiotensin II from exerting its vasoconstrictive and aldosterone-stimulating effects.
The result is a relaxation and widening of blood vessels, leading to a reduction in blood pressure. In addition, losartan has been shown to slow the progression of kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes who have elevated levels of protein in their urine (proteinuria), which is an important marker of diabetic nephropathy. This renoprotective effect is thought to be related to the reduction in glomerular pressure and decreased filtration of proteins through the kidney’s filtering units.
Losartan Viatris is used in the following conditions:
- High blood pressure (hypertension) in adults and in children and adolescents aged 6–18 years. By reducing blood pressure, losartan helps prevent serious complications such as stroke, heart attack, and kidney failure.
- Renal protection in type 2 diabetes with hypertension and evidence of proteinuria (≥0.5 g/day). Losartan has been shown to significantly delay the progression to end-stage renal disease in this patient population (RENAAL study).
- Chronic heart failure in adult patients when treatment with specific medicines called ACE inhibitors (such as enalapril, lisinopril, or ramipril) is not considered suitable by the treating physician. If your heart failure has been stabilised on an ACE inhibitor, you should not switch to losartan.
- Reduction of stroke risk in patients with high blood pressure and left ventricular hypertrophy (thickening of the heart wall). The landmark LIFE (Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension) study demonstrated that losartan reduced the risk of stroke more effectively than atenolol, a commonly used beta-blocker, in this high-risk patient population.
Losartan was the first angiotensin II receptor blocker to be introduced to clinical practice, initially approved by the FDA in 1995. It is included on the World Health Organization’s Model List of Essential Medicines, reflecting its importance as a fundamental treatment for cardiovascular and renal disease worldwide. The LIFE and RENAAL trials established losartan as a cornerstone therapy in hypertension management and diabetic kidney disease prevention.
What Should You Know Before Taking Losartan Viatris?
Before starting Losartan Viatris, inform your doctor about all your medical conditions, especially kidney or liver disease, heart failure, dehydration, and pregnancy status. Losartan is contraindicated in the last 6 months of pregnancy, in severe liver impairment, and in patients taking aliskiren with diabetes or renal impairment.
Contraindications
You should not take Losartan Viatris if any of the following apply to you:
- Allergy to losartan or any of the other ingredients in this medicine (lactose monohydrate, pregelatinised starch, microcrystalline cellulose, magnesium stearate, hydroxypropylcellulose, hypromellose, titanium dioxide E171, and brilliant blue E133 for the 12.5 mg tablet)
- Severe liver impairment – losartan is extensively metabolised by the liver, and patients with severe hepatic dysfunction are at risk of dangerously elevated drug levels
- Last 6 months of pregnancy – losartan can cause serious harm to the unborn baby, including renal failure, reduced amniotic fluid (oligohydramnios), and skeletal deformities. It is also advisable to avoid losartan during the first trimester.
- Concomitant use with aliskiren in patients with diabetes mellitus or moderate-to-severe renal impairment (GFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m²) – this combination increases the risk of hyperkalaemia, hypotension, and acute kidney injury
If you experience swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat that makes it difficult to swallow or breathe, stop taking Losartan Viatris immediately and seek emergency medical care. This may be a sign of angioedema, a rare but serious allergic reaction. If you notice unexplained muscle pain with dark (tea-coloured) urine, seek medical attention immediately as this may indicate rhabdomyolysis.
Warnings and Precautions
Talk to your doctor or pharmacist before taking Losartan Viatris if you have or have had any of the following conditions:
- History of angioedema (swelling of the face, lips, throat, and/or tongue) – you may be at increased risk of this reaction with losartan
- Dehydration or salt depletion due to vomiting, diarrhoea, or high-dose diuretic therapy – losartan may cause excessive blood pressure lowering in volume-depleted patients. Your doctor may need to correct fluid and salt balance before starting treatment.
- Renal artery stenosis (narrowing or blockage of the blood vessels to one or both kidneys) or recent kidney transplant – losartan may cause deterioration in kidney function
- Liver impairment (mild to moderate) – your doctor may prescribe a lower starting dose, as plasma concentrations of losartan are significantly increased in patients with hepatic impairment
- Heart failure with or without impaired kidney function, or concurrent severe life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia – particular caution is needed, especially if you are also taking a beta-blocker
- Heart valve problems or cardiomyopathy – losartan should be used cautiously in these conditions
- Coronary artery disease or cerebrovascular disease – excessive blood pressure lowering may increase the risk of myocardial infarction or stroke in patients with compromised circulation
- Primary hyperaldosteronism (excessive aldosterone production from the adrenal glands) – these patients generally do not respond well to antihypertensive medicines that act through the renin-angiotensin system
Your doctor may need to check your kidney function, blood pressure, and blood electrolyte levels (especially potassium) at regular intervals during treatment. This is particularly important in elderly patients, those with pre-existing renal impairment, and patients taking other medications that can affect potassium levels.
Use in Children and Adolescents
Losartan has been studied in children and may be used to treat hypertension in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years. However, Losartan Viatris is not recommended for children under 6 years of age, as its efficacy has not been established in this age group. Additionally, losartan should not be used in children with kidney or liver problems due to limited data in these patient subgroups. Your child’s doctor will determine the appropriate dose based on body weight, with a starting dose of 25 mg once daily for children weighing 20–50 kg, which may be increased to a maximum of 50 mg once daily.
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
If you think you are pregnant or become pregnant during treatment, contact your doctor immediately. Your doctor will usually advise you to stop Losartan Viatris before you become pregnant or as soon as you know you are pregnant, and will recommend an alternative medicine instead. Losartan should not be used during the first trimester of pregnancy and is strictly contraindicated during the last 6 months (second and third trimesters) because it can cause serious harm to the developing baby, including foetal renal dysfunction, oligohydramnios, skull ossification defects, and limb contractures.
Losartan is not recommended during breastfeeding, and your doctor may choose an alternative treatment for you if you wish to breastfeed your baby, particularly if your baby is newborn or was born prematurely. It is not known whether losartan passes into human breast milk, but the potential risk to the infant warrants avoiding use during lactation.
Driving and Operating Machinery
No formal studies have been conducted on the effect of losartan on driving ability. However, losartan is not expected to significantly affect your ability to drive or use machinery. As with many blood pressure-lowering medicines, losartan may cause dizziness or drowsiness in some patients, particularly at the start of treatment or after a dose increase. If you experience these symptoms, do not drive or operate heavy machinery until the symptoms have resolved. You are personally responsible for assessing whether you are fit to drive or perform tasks requiring alertness.
Food and Drink Interactions
Losartan Viatris can be taken with or without food. However, grapefruit juice should be avoided during treatment with Losartan Viatris. Grapefruit juice can interfere with the CYP3A4 enzyme pathway involved in the metabolism of losartan, potentially affecting its conversion to the active metabolite E-3174 and altering the drug’s therapeutic effect. For consistent blood pressure control, take your daily dose at the same time each day.
Lactose Content
Losartan Viatris tablets contain lactose monohydrate as an inactive ingredient. If you have been told by your doctor that you have an intolerance to some sugars, contact your doctor before taking this medicine. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, total lactase deficiency, or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.
How Does Losartan Viatris Interact with Other Drugs?
Losartan can interact with several medications, including ACE inhibitors, aliskiren, potassium-sparing diuretics, NSAIDs, lithium, and drugs that increase potassium levels. Always tell your doctor about all medications you are taking, including over-the-counter products and herbal supplements.
Losartan is primarily metabolised by the liver enzymes CYP2C9 and CYP3A4. The active metabolite E-3174, which is responsible for most of losartan’s pharmacological effect, is formed through CYP2C9-mediated oxidation. Drugs that inhibit these enzymes can alter losartan’s metabolism and affect its efficacy or toxicity. Additionally, losartan can interact with other medicines that affect blood pressure, kidney function, or potassium levels. The following tables summarise the most clinically important interactions.
Major Interactions
| Drug | Category | Effect | Recommendation |
|---|---|---|---|
| ACE inhibitors (enalapril, lisinopril, ramipril) | Antihypertensive | Dual RAAS blockade increases risk of hyperkalaemia, hypotension, and acute kidney injury | Avoid combination, especially in patients with diabetic nephropathy |
| Aliskiren | Direct renin inhibitor | Triple RAAS blockade greatly increases risk of hyperkalaemia, renal failure, and hypotension | Contraindicated in diabetes or renal impairment; avoid in all other patients |
| Potassium supplements / salt substitutes | Electrolyte supplement | Losartan reduces aldosterone secretion, leading to potassium retention; adding potassium increases hyperkalaemia risk | Avoid unless specifically directed by a physician; monitor potassium closely |
| Lithium | Mood stabiliser | Reversible increases in lithium blood levels and toxicity have been reported with ARBs | If combination cannot be avoided, monitor lithium levels closely; special precautions including blood tests are advisable |
Moderate Interactions
| Drug | Category | Effect | Recommendation |
|---|---|---|---|
| NSAIDs (ibuprofen, indomethacin, COX-2 inhibitors) | Anti-inflammatory / Analgesic | May reduce the antihypertensive effect of losartan and increase risk of renal impairment and hyperkalaemia | Use with caution; monitor blood pressure and renal function |
| Potassium-sparing diuretics (spironolactone, amiloride, triamterene) | Diuretic | Additive potassium-retaining effect increases risk of hyperkalaemia | Combination not recommended; if unavoidable, monitor potassium levels frequently |
| Heparin / Trimethoprim | Anticoagulant / Antibiotic | Both can increase serum potassium; combined with losartan, hyperkalaemia risk is elevated | Monitor serum potassium levels during co-administration |
| Other antihypertensives (diuretics, beta-blockers, CCBs, central agents) | Blood pressure-lowering | Additive blood pressure reduction – may cause symptomatic hypotension | Often used intentionally for better BP control; monitor for dizziness, lightheadedness |
| Tricyclic antidepressants / Antipsychotics / Baclofen / Amifostine | Neuropsychiatric / Supportive care | These medicines can also lower blood pressure, leading to excessive hypotension when combined with losartan | Monitor blood pressure, especially during initiation of concurrent therapy |
What Is the Correct Dosage of Losartan Viatris?
The typical starting dose for adult hypertension is 50 mg once daily, with a maximum of 100 mg daily. For heart failure, treatment begins at 12.5 mg once daily and is gradually titrated upward. Your doctor will determine the appropriate dose based on your medical condition, kidney function, and other medications.
Always take this medicine exactly as your doctor or pharmacist has told you. It is important that you continue taking Losartan Viatris as prescribed to maintain consistent blood pressure control. Losartan tablets should be swallowed whole with a glass of water. Try to take your daily dose at the same time each day.
Adults with High Blood Pressure
Hypertension – Standard Dosing
Starting dose: 50 mg losartan once daily
Maximum dose: 100 mg once daily
The maximum blood pressure-lowering effect is typically achieved within 3–6 weeks of starting treatment. Some patients may require a dose increase to 100 mg daily for optimal blood pressure control. Your doctor may prescribe losartan in combination with other antihypertensive agents such as diuretics for enhanced efficacy.
Adults with Hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes
Diabetic Nephropathy – Renal Protection
Starting dose: 50 mg losartan once daily
Maintenance dose: Up to 100 mg once daily, depending on blood pressure response
Losartan Viatris may be given together with other blood pressure-lowering medicines (such as diuretics, calcium channel blockers, alpha- or beta-blockers, and centrally acting agents) as well as with insulin and other commonly used blood glucose-lowering medicines (such as sulphonylureas, glitazones, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors).
Adults with Heart Failure
Heart Failure – Gradual Titration
Starting dose: 12.5 mg once daily (Week 1)
The dose should be increased in weekly steps as follows:
- Week 1: 12.5 mg once daily
- Week 2: 25 mg once daily
- Week 3: 50 mg once daily
- Week 4: 100 mg once daily
- Week 5 onward: Up to 150 mg once daily (maximum maintenance dose)
In heart failure, losartan is often combined with a diuretic (a medicine that increases urine output), digitalis (a medicine that helps the heart pump more effectively), and/or a beta-blocker. Dose titration should be guided by the patient’s tolerance and clinical response.
Children and Adolescents (6–18 years)
Paediatric Hypertension
Children weighing 20–50 kg: Starting dose of 25 mg once daily, up to a maximum of 50 mg once daily
Children weighing >50 kg: Starting dose of 50 mg once daily, up to a maximum of 100 mg once daily
Losartan Viatris is not recommended for children under 6 years of age. A different formulation (e.g. oral suspension) may be more suitable for some children – consult your doctor or pharmacist.
Special Patient Groups
Your doctor may prescribe a lower starting dose in the following situations:
- Patients on high-dose diuretics – risk of excessive blood pressure lowering due to volume depletion
- Patients with mild to moderate liver impairment – losartan plasma levels are significantly increased in hepatic impairment. Losartan is not recommended in patients with severe liver impairment.
- Patients over 75 years of age – a lower starting dose may be appropriate due to increased sensitivity to blood pressure-lowering effects
Missed Dose
If you accidentally miss a daily dose of Losartan Viatris, simply take your next dose at the usual time the following day. Do not take a double dose to make up for the forgotten dose. Maintaining a regular dosing schedule is important for consistent blood pressure control. If you frequently forget doses, consider setting a daily reminder or using a pill organiser.
Overdose
If you have taken too much Losartan Viatris, or if a child has accidentally swallowed the medicine, contact your doctor, hospital emergency department, or poison control centre immediately. Symptoms of overdose may include low blood pressure (hypotension), increased heart rate (tachycardia), and possibly decreased heart rate (bradycardia) if vagal stimulation occurs. Treatment is generally supportive, focusing on maintaining blood pressure and organ perfusion. Losartan and its active metabolite are not removed by haemodialysis.
What Are the Side Effects of Losartan Viatris?
Like all medicines, Losartan Viatris can cause side effects, although not everybody experiences them. The most commonly reported side effects include dizziness, low blood pressure, fatigue, and elevated potassium levels. Seek immediate medical attention if you experience swelling of the face, lips, or throat (angioedema) or unexplained muscle pain with dark urine (rhabdomyolysis).
The frequency of side effects is categorised using standard international conventions. It is important to be aware of the potential side effects so that you can recognise them early and discuss them with your healthcare provider. Most side effects are mild and manageable, but some rare reactions require urgent medical attention.
Rash, itching, swelling of the face, lips, mouth, or throat causing difficulty swallowing or breathing – these may be signs of a serious allergic reaction including angioedema (affects up to 1 in 1,000 people). Unexplained muscle pain with dark (tea-coloured) urine – these may be signs of rhabdomyolysis (frequency not known).
Common
- Dizziness
- Low blood pressure (hypotension), especially after significant fluid loss
- Dose-related orthostatic effects (blood pressure drop when standing up)
- Weakness and fatigue
- Reduced red blood cell count (anaemia)
- Low blood sugar (hypoglycaemia)
- High potassium levels (hyperkalaemia)
- Increased blood urea nitrogen
- Increased creatinine and potassium in heart failure patients
- Changes in kidney function including renal failure
Uncommon
- Drowsiness and headache
- Sleep disturbances
- Palpitations (feeling of rapid heartbeat)
- Chest tightness or severe chest pain (angina pectoris)
- Shortness of breath (dyspnoea)
- Cough
- Abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhoea
- Nausea and vomiting
- Hives (urticaria), itching (pruritus), rash
- Localised swelling (oedema)
Rare
- Hypersensitivity reactions
- Vasculitis (inflammation of blood vessels, including Henoch-Schönlein purpura)
- Numbness or tingling (paraesthesia)
- Fainting (syncope)
- Rapid and irregular heartbeat (atrial fibrillation)
- Stroke (cerebrovascular accident)
- Liver inflammation (hepatitis), which may cause jaundice (yellowing of skin or eyes)
- Elevated liver enzymes (ALT), usually reversible on discontinuation
- Intestinal angioedema (swelling in the bowel causing abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea)
Not Known
- Decreased platelet count (thrombocytopenia)
- Ringing in the ears (tinnitus)
- Abnormal liver function
- Increased sensitivity to sunlight (photosensitivity)
- Migraine and taste disturbance
- Erectile dysfunction (impotence)
- Depression
- Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas causing severe abdominal pain)
- Muscle and joint pain
- Low sodium levels (hyponatraemia)
- Flu-like symptoms, general malaise
- Back pain and urinary tract infection
Side effects in children are similar to those observed in adult patients. If you notice any side effects not listed above, or if any of the listed side effects become severe, please inform your doctor or pharmacist.
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of a medicine is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit-risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals and patients are encouraged to report any suspected adverse reactions to their national pharmacovigilance authority.
How Should You Store Losartan Viatris?
Store Losartan Viatris out of the sight and reach of children. Keep the tablets in the original packaging and do not open blister packs until you are ready to take your medicine. Do not use after the expiry date printed on the carton or container.
Proper storage of medicines is essential to ensure they remain effective and safe throughout their shelf life. Losartan Viatris film-coated tablets should be stored in the original packaging to protect them from moisture and light. There are no special temperature storage requirements beyond standard room temperature conditions.
Do not use this medicine after the expiry date stated on the carton or bottle after “EXP”. The expiry date refers to the last day of that month. Once opened, HDPE bottles should be used within a reasonable timeframe.
Do not throw away medicines via wastewater or household waste. Ask your pharmacist how to dispose of medicines you no longer use. These measures help to protect the environment and prevent accidental ingestion by others.
What Does Losartan Viatris Contain?
The active substance in Losartan Viatris is losartan potassium. Tablets are available in 12.5 mg, 50 mg, and 100 mg strengths. The 12.5 mg tablet is a blue, round film-coated tablet, while the 50 mg and 100 mg tablets are white, round film-coated tablets.
Active Ingredient
Each tablet contains losartan potassium as the active substance:
- 12.5 mg tablet: 12.5 mg losartan potassium (equivalent to 11.44 mg losartan)
- 50 mg tablet: 50 mg losartan potassium (equivalent to 45.76 mg losartan)
- 100 mg tablet: 100 mg losartan potassium (equivalent to 91.52 mg losartan)
Inactive Ingredients (Excipients)
The other ingredients are: lactose monohydrate, pregelatinised starch, microcrystalline cellulose, and magnesium stearate. The film-coating contains hydroxypropylcellulose, hypromellose, titanium dioxide (E171), and brilliant blue (E133) for the 12.5 mg tablets only.
Appearance and Pack Sizes
The film-coated tablets are round. The 12.5 mg tablet is blue and the 50 mg and 100 mg tablets are white. Losartan Viatris tablets are available in blister packs of 7, 10, 14, 20, 21, 28, 30, 50 × 1, 56, 60, 84, 90, 98, 100, 210, 250, 280, and 500 tablets, as well as HDPE bottles of 100 and 250 tablets. Not all pack sizes may be marketed in every country.
Losartan Viatris is manufactured by Liconsa (Azuqueca de Henares, Spain) and Mylan Hungary Kft. (Komárom, Hungary). The marketing authorisation is held by Viatris Limited, Dublin, Ireland.
Frequently Asked Questions About Losartan Viatris
Losartan Viatris is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) in adults and children aged 6–18 years, to protect the kidneys in patients with high blood pressure and type 2 diabetes who have proteinuria, to treat chronic heart failure when ACE inhibitors are not suitable, and to reduce the risk of stroke in patients with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. It belongs to the angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) class and works by relaxing blood vessels to lower blood pressure.
The most common side effects include dizziness, low blood pressure (especially after fluid loss), orthostatic effects (blood pressure drop on standing), weakness, fatigue, anaemia, low blood sugar, and elevated potassium levels. Most side effects are mild and tend to improve over time. Seek immediate medical attention if you experience swelling of the face, lips, or throat, or unexplained muscle pain with dark urine.
No. Losartan should not be used during pregnancy, particularly during the last 6 months, as it can cause serious harm to the developing baby including kidney damage, reduced amniotic fluid, and skeletal deformities. If you discover you are pregnant while taking losartan, contact your doctor immediately. Your doctor will recommend a safer alternative blood pressure medication for use during pregnancy.
Losartan begins to lower blood pressure within a few hours of the first dose. However, the maximum antihypertensive effect is typically achieved within 3 to 6 weeks of continuous daily use. Do not stop taking losartan without consulting your doctor, even if you feel well, as high blood pressure often has no symptoms and requires ongoing treatment to prevent complications.
Yes, losartan is often combined with other blood pressure medications such as diuretics, calcium channel blockers, and beta-blockers for better blood pressure control. However, combining losartan with ACE inhibitors (e.g. enalapril, ramipril) or aliskiren is generally not recommended, especially in patients with diabetes or kidney problems, due to the increased risk of hyperkalaemia, low blood pressure, and worsening kidney function. Always consult your doctor before combining medications.
Grapefruit juice can interfere with the CYP3A4 enzyme system involved in the metabolism of losartan, potentially altering its conversion to the active metabolite E-3174. This may reduce the effectiveness of losartan’s blood pressure-lowering action. To ensure consistent and predictable therapeutic effects, it is recommended to avoid grapefruit and grapefruit juice while taking this medication.
References and Sources
- Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, et al. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(12):861-869. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa011161 (RENAAL Study)
- Dahlöf B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet. 2002;359(9311):995-1003. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08089-3
- Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(33):3021-3104. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy339
- Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(19):e127-e248. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.11.006
- European Medicines Agency (EMA). Summary of Product Characteristics – Losartan potassium. Accessed January 2026.
- World Health Organization. WHO Model List of Essential Medicines – 23rd List (2023). Geneva: WHO; 2023.
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Hypertension in adults: diagnosis and management (NG136). Updated 2022.
- Sica DA. Angiotensin-receptor blockers: updated considerations for their use in clinical practice. J Clin Hypertens. 2005;7(6):346-355.
- Pitt B, Segal R, Martinez FA, et al. Randomised trial of losartan versus captopril in patients over 65 with heart failure (Evaluation of Losartan in the Elderly Study, ELITE). Lancet. 1997;349(9054):747-752.
- Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Blood Pressure in Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int Suppl. 2021;11(2):1-87.
About the Medical Review Team
This article has been written and reviewed by the iMedic Medical Editorial Team, a multidisciplinary team of licensed healthcare professionals including cardiologists, nephrologists, clinical pharmacologists, and pharmacists with extensive experience in cardiovascular medicine and clinical pharmacology.
Content developed by medical writers with expertise in pharmacology and cardiovascular therapeutics, based on approved product information and peer-reviewed clinical studies.
Reviewed by board-certified physicians following ESC/ESH, AHA/ACC, and NICE guidelines. All clinical claims verified against Level 1A evidence from systematic reviews and randomised controlled trials.
Content follows the GRADE evidence framework. No commercial funding. Independent medical editorial content with no pharmaceutical company sponsorship.
This article is reviewed and updated regularly to reflect the latest clinical evidence, guideline changes, and safety information.
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