Lisinopril STADA: Uses, Dosage & Side Effects
ACE inhibitor for high blood pressure, heart failure and diabetic nephropathy
Quick facts about Lisinopril STADA
Key takeaways about Lisinopril STADA
- Proven ACE inhibitor: One of the most widely prescribed medications for high blood pressure, with extensive clinical evidence supporting its safety and efficacy
- Once-daily dosing: Take at the same time each day, with or without food, for optimal blood pressure control throughout the day
- Contraindicated in pregnancy: Must not be used during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy due to risk of serious fetal harm
- Monitor for angioedema: Seek immediate medical attention if you experience swelling of the face, lips, tongue or throat
- Regular monitoring needed: Your doctor should check your kidney function, blood pressure and potassium levels regularly, especially at the start of treatment
What Is Lisinopril STADA and What Is It Used For?
Lisinopril STADA is a prescription ACE inhibitor (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor) containing the active substance lisinopril as dihydrate. It is used to treat hypertension, heart failure, short-term treatment after heart attack, and kidney problems associated with diabetes. It works by widening blood vessels, making it easier for the heart to pump blood throughout the body.
Lisinopril belongs to a class of medications known as ACE inhibitors, which are among the most commonly prescribed drugs worldwide for managing cardiovascular conditions. ACE inhibitors work by blocking the enzyme that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor. By reducing angiotensin II levels, lisinopril causes blood vessels to relax and widen, which leads to a decrease in blood pressure and a reduction in the workload on the heart.
The medication was originally developed in the 1980s and has since become one of the cornerstone treatments in cardiovascular medicine. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), ACE inhibitors including lisinopril are listed on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, reflecting their importance in global healthcare. Lisinopril is manufactured by STADA Arzneimittel AG, a major European pharmaceutical company based in Bad Vilbel, Germany, and is marketed under several brand names internationally, including Zestril.
Approved Indications
Lisinopril STADA is approved for the following conditions:
- High blood pressure (hypertension): The primary indication. Lisinopril can be used alone or in combination with other antihypertensive medications to achieve effective blood pressure control. Uncontrolled hypertension significantly increases the risk of stroke, heart attack, heart failure and kidney disease.
- Heart failure: When the heart cannot pump blood efficiently enough to meet the body's needs, resulting in symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath and swelling in the ankles and feet. Lisinopril is used as add-on therapy alongside other heart failure medications such as diuretics, digitalis and beta-blockers.
- Short-term treatment after heart attack (myocardial infarction): Treatment is started within 24 hours of the heart attack and continued for approximately 6 weeks. ACE inhibitors have been shown to improve survival and reduce the risk of heart failure following a myocardial infarction.
- Diabetic nephropathy: Kidney problems that develop in patients with both diabetes and high blood pressure. Lisinopril helps protect the kidneys by reducing the pressure within the kidney's filtering units (glomeruli) and by reducing protein leakage into the urine.
Lisinopril is one of the few ACE inhibitors that does not require liver metabolism for activation, meaning it is already in its active form when absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. This makes it particularly suitable for patients with liver impairment. It has a long duration of action (up to 24 hours), enabling convenient once-daily dosing.
What Should You Know Before Taking Lisinopril STADA?
Do not take Lisinopril STADA if you are allergic to lisinopril or other ACE inhibitors, have a history of angioedema, are pregnant beyond the first trimester, or are taking sacubitril/valsartan. Tell your doctor about all medical conditions and medications before starting treatment, particularly kidney disease, diabetes, and any history of allergic reactions.
Before starting treatment with Lisinopril STADA, it is essential to discuss your complete medical history and current medications with your healthcare provider. Certain conditions and drug combinations can make lisinopril dangerous or require close monitoring and dosage adjustments. Understanding these precautions helps ensure safe and effective treatment.
Contraindications
You must not take Lisinopril STADA in the following situations:
- Allergy to lisinopril or other ACE inhibitors: If you have ever had an allergic reaction to lisinopril or any other medication in the ACE inhibitor class (such as enalapril, ramipril or captopril), including symptoms like itching, hives, wheezing or swelling
- History of angioedema: If you or a family member has experienced angioedema (rapid swelling of the face, lips, tongue, throat, hands or feet) at any time, whether or not it was related to an ACE inhibitor. This includes hereditary angioedema
- Pregnancy (second and third trimesters): Lisinopril can cause serious harm to the developing fetus, including reduced amniotic fluid, kidney problems, skull defects, and even fetal death. It is also best avoided during early pregnancy
- Concurrent use with aliskiren in patients with diabetes or renal impairment: The combination of lisinopril with aliskiren (a direct renin inhibitor) is contraindicated in patients with diabetes or significant kidney disease due to increased risk of kidney failure, hypotension and hyperkalemia
- Concurrent or recent use of sacubitril/valsartan: This combination significantly increases the risk of angioedema. Lisinopril must not be started within 36 hours of the last dose of sacubitril/valsartan, and vice versa
Warnings and Precautions
Speak to your doctor before taking Lisinopril STADA if any of the following apply to you. Your doctor may need to monitor you more closely, adjust your dosage, or choose an alternative medication:
- Low blood pressure (hypotension): Lisinopril can cause a significant drop in blood pressure, particularly with the first dose. This is more likely if you are dehydrated, on a low-salt diet, undergoing dialysis, or taking diuretics. If you experience severe dizziness or fainting, lie down immediately and contact your doctor
- Kidney disease: Lisinopril is eliminated through the kidneys, so dosage adjustments are necessary in patients with renal impairment. Your doctor will monitor your creatinine and potassium levels closely. Do not take lisinopril if you have recently had a kidney transplant
- Heart valve or heart muscle disease: Particular caution is needed if you have aortic stenosis (narrowing of the heart valve) or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (thickening of the heart muscle)
- Liver disease: In rare cases, ACE inhibitors have been associated with cholestatic jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes) that can progress to liver necrosis. Stop taking lisinopril immediately and contact your doctor if you develop jaundice
- Diabetes: Blood sugar levels should be closely monitored during the first month of treatment, as lisinopril can increase insulin sensitivity and potentially cause hypoglycemia
- Connective tissue disease (collagen vascular disease): Patients with conditions such as lupus or scleroderma may be at increased risk of blood cell changes
- Surgery or anesthesia: Inform your surgeon or anesthetist that you are taking lisinopril before any planned procedure
ACE inhibitors, including lisinopril, can in rare cases cause a life-threatening allergic reaction called angioedema. Stop taking Lisinopril STADA immediately and seek emergency medical care if you experience swelling of the face, lips, tongue, throat, arms or legs, difficulty swallowing, or difficulty breathing. Angioedema is more common in Black patients and in those with a prior history of angioedema. Very rare cases of fatal angioedema with laryngeal or tongue swelling causing airway obstruction have been reported.
Ethnic Differences in Response
As with other ACE inhibitors, lisinopril may be less effective at lowering blood pressure in Black patients compared to other ethnic groups when used as monotherapy. This is thought to be related to differences in the renin-angiotensin system activity. Black patients also have a higher incidence of angioedema with ACE inhibitors. Your doctor may consider combining lisinopril with a diuretic or calcium channel blocker, or choosing an alternative medication class, to optimise blood pressure control.
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
Lisinopril is strictly contraindicated during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Use during this period has been associated with severe fetal and neonatal complications, including:
- Reduced amniotic fluid (oligohydramnios)
- Fetal kidney failure
- Skull bone defects
- Limb contractures
- Hypotension and death of the newborn
Lisinopril is also not recommended during early pregnancy or while breastfeeding. If you discover you are pregnant while taking lisinopril, contact your doctor immediately. Your doctor will advise switching to a safer alternative. If you are planning to become pregnant, discuss alternative blood pressure medications with your doctor before conception.
Driving and Operating Machinery
Lisinopril is unlikely to affect your ability to drive or operate machinery. However, some people may experience dizziness or tiredness, particularly at the start of treatment or after a dosage increase. Do not drive or operate machinery until you know how lisinopril affects you. Individual responses vary, so assess your own reaction before undertaking activities that require alertness.
How Does Lisinopril STADA Interact with Other Drugs?
Lisinopril STADA has clinically significant interactions with potassium-sparing diuretics, NSAIDs, lithium, other blood pressure medications, sacubitril/valsartan and aliskiren. Always inform your doctor and pharmacist about all medications you are taking, including over-the-counter drugs and supplements.
Drug interactions can alter how lisinopril works, reduce its effectiveness, or increase the risk of side effects. It is crucial to provide your healthcare provider with a complete list of all prescription medications, over-the-counter drugs, herbal supplements and dietary supplements you are taking. Below are the most clinically important drug interactions to be aware of.
Major Interactions
| Drug / Class | Effect | Clinical Action |
|---|---|---|
| Sacubitril/Valsartan | Greatly increased risk of angioedema | Contraindicated. Allow 36-hour washout period |
| Aliskiren (in diabetes/renal impairment) | Increased risk of hyperkalemia, hypotension, renal failure | Contraindicated in diabetic or renally impaired patients |
| Potassium-sparing diuretics (spironolactone, eplerenone, amiloride) | Hyperkalemia (dangerously high potassium) | Monitor potassium levels closely; avoid routine supplementation |
| Potassium supplements / salt substitutes | Increased potassium levels | Avoid unless directed by doctor; monitor levels |
| Lithium | Increased lithium levels and toxicity | Combination not recommended; if necessary, monitor lithium levels closely |
| NSAIDs (ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac) | Reduced antihypertensive effect; increased risk of kidney impairment and hyperkalemia | Use with caution; monitor renal function and blood pressure |
| ARBs (valsartan, telmisartan, irbesartan) | Dual RAAS blockade: increased risk of hypotension, hyperkalemia, renal failure | Avoid combination unless under specialist supervision |
Other Important Interactions
| Drug / Class | Effect | Clinical Action |
|---|---|---|
| Other antihypertensives / diuretics | Additive blood pressure lowering; risk of hypotension | Dose adjustment may be needed; diuretics may be paused 2-3 days before starting lisinopril |
| Tricyclic antidepressants / antipsychotics | Enhanced blood pressure lowering | Monitor blood pressure; dose adjustment may be needed |
| Insulin / oral antidiabetics | Risk of hypoglycemia, especially in the first month and in patients with renal impairment | Monitor blood glucose closely; diabetes medication dose may need adjustment |
| Gold injections (sodium aurothiomalate) | Risk of nitritoid reactions (flushing, nausea, dizziness, hypotension) | Monitor for symptoms after gold injection |
| Immunosuppressants (ciclosporin, tacrolimus) | Increased risk of hyperkalemia | Monitor potassium levels regularly |
| mTOR inhibitors (sirolimus, everolimus, temsirolimus) | Increased risk of angioedema | Use with caution; monitor closely for signs of angioedema |
| Racecadotril / Vildagliptin | Increased risk of angioedema | Use with caution; monitor for swelling |
Food does not affect the absorption of lisinopril, so it can be taken with or without food. However, you should try to take your dose at the same time each day for consistent blood levels. There are no specific dietary restrictions, but avoid excessive potassium-rich foods or salt substitutes containing potassium unless advised by your doctor.
What Is the Correct Dosage of Lisinopril STADA?
The dosage of Lisinopril STADA depends on the condition being treated. For high blood pressure, the usual starting dose is 10 mg once daily, increased gradually to a maintenance dose of 20 mg daily (maximum 80 mg). Always follow your doctor's instructions and do not change the dose without medical advice.
Lisinopril STADA is taken orally, once daily, at the same time each day. The tablets should be swallowed whole with a glass of water. Dosing is individualised based on the specific condition, severity, kidney function and response to treatment. Your doctor will determine the most appropriate dose for you and may adjust it over time. Below are the standard dosing guidelines for each indication.
Adults – High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)
Standard Dosing
- Starting dose: 10 mg once daily
- Dose titration: Increased gradually at intervals of at least 2–4 weeks
- Usual maintenance dose: 20 mg once daily
- Maximum dose: 80 mg once daily
If Currently Taking Diuretics
- Your doctor will ask you to stop diuretics 2–3 days before starting lisinopril
- If diuretics cannot be stopped: start lisinopril at 5 mg once daily
- Adjust dose based on blood pressure response
- Diuretic treatment may be resumed later if needed
If You Have Kidney Problems
- Start on a lower dose based on your kidney function (creatinine clearance)
- Your doctor will monitor kidney function and electrolytes closely
- Dose adjustments are made more cautiously
Adults – Heart Failure
Heart Failure Dosing
- Starting dose: 2.5 mg once daily, under medical supervision
- Dose titration: Increased in steps of no more than 10 mg, at intervals of at least 2 weeks
- Maximum dose: 35 mg once daily
- Used as add-on therapy with diuretics, digitalis and/or beta-blockers
Adults – After Heart Attack
Post-Myocardial Infarction Dosing
- First dose: 5 mg within 24 hours of the heart attack
- Second dose: 5 mg after 24 hours
- Third dose: 10 mg after 48 hours
- Maintenance dose: 10 mg once daily for 6 weeks
- Dose may be reduced if blood pressure drops too low or kidney problems develop
Adults – Diabetic Nephropathy
Diabetic Nephropathy Dosing
- Starting dose: 10 mg once daily (for patients with high blood pressure)
- Maintenance dose: May be increased to 20 mg once daily if necessary
- Dose adjustment may be required based on kidney function
Children and Adolescents (6–16 years)
Paediatric Dosing (Hypertension Only)
- Weight 20–50 kg: Starting dose 2.5 mg once daily; maximum 20 mg daily
- Weight over 50 kg: Starting dose 5 mg once daily; maximum 40 mg daily
- Doses above 40 mg have not been studied in children
- Not recommended: Children under 6 years or children with severe kidney problems
Elderly Patients
Elderly patients with normal kidney function can take the same doses as other adults. However, since kidney function naturally declines with age, your doctor may start with a lower dose and monitor your kidney function more closely.
Missed Dose
If you forget to take a dose of Lisinopril STADA, take it as soon as you remember. However, if it is nearly time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and take your next dose at the usual time. Do not take a double dose to make up for a forgotten dose. To help you remember, try to take your tablet at the same time each day.
Overdose
If you or someone else has taken too much Lisinopril STADA, contact your local poison control centre or emergency department immediately. Symptoms of overdose may include severe low blood pressure (hypotension), circulatory shock, electrolyte disturbances (low potassium, sodium or chloride), kidney failure, rapid breathing (hyperventilation), fast heart rate (tachycardia), palpitations, slow heart rate (bradykardi), dizziness, anxiety and cough.
Stopping Treatment
Do not stop taking Lisinopril STADA without first consulting your doctor. Abruptly discontinuing blood pressure medication can cause a rebound increase in blood pressure, which may increase the risk of stroke, heart attack or other cardiovascular events. Your doctor will advise you on how to safely reduce and stop your medication if needed.
What Are the Side Effects of Lisinopril STADA?
Like all medicines, Lisinopril STADA can cause side effects. The most common include dizziness, headache, dry cough, diarrhea, vomiting and low blood pressure when standing up. Rare but serious side effects include angioedema (swelling of face/throat), liver problems and severe blood cell changes. Seek immediate medical attention for difficulty breathing or severe swelling.
The first or second dose may cause dizziness or a faint feeling due to a drop in blood pressure. This usually passes if you lie down. Not everyone will experience side effects, and most are mild and temporary. However, certain side effects require immediate medical attention. Below is a comprehensive overview organised by frequency.
- Experience itching or develop severe skin reactions
- Have wheezing, difficulty breathing or difficulty swallowing
- Notice swelling of hands, feet, ankles, face, lips, tongue or throat
- Develop yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes (jaundice)
Common
- Dizziness
- Headache
- Orthostatic effects including hypotension (dizziness when standing up)
- Cough (dry, persistent)
- Diarrhea
- Vomiting
- Kidney function changes (renal dysfunction)
Uncommon
- Angioedema (swelling of face, arms, legs, lips, tongue and/or throat)
- Mood changes
- Tingling or numbness in hands or feet (paraesthesia)
- Vertigo (sensation of spinning)
- Taste changes
- Sleep disturbances
- Heart attack or stroke (in high-risk patients with very low blood pressure)
- Palpitations and rapid heart rate (tachycardia)
- Raynaud's phenomenon (poor circulation causing pale, numb fingers)
- Nasal congestion and irritation
- Nausea, abdominal pain, indigestion
- Skin rash, itching
- Erectile dysfunction
- Fatigue, weakness (asthenia)
- Increased blood urea, creatinine, liver enzymes
- Elevated potassium levels (hyperkalemia)
Rare
- Decreased haemoglobin and haematocrit
- Mental confusion
- Dry mouth
- Urticaria (hives)
- Hair loss (alopecia)
- Psoriasis
- Uraemia (toxicity from kidney failure)
- Acute kidney failure
- Gynaecomastia (breast enlargement in men)
- Low sodium levels (hyponatraemia)
- Elevated bilirubin
- SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion)
Very Rare
- Bone marrow depression
- Anaemia (including haemolytic anaemia)
- Thrombocytopenia (low platelets – increased bruising/bleeding risk)
- Leukopenia, neutropenia, agranulocytosis (low white blood cells)
- Lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes)
- Hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar)
- Bronchospasm (wheezing, difficulty breathing)
- Sinusitis
- Allergic alveolitis, eosinophilic pneumonia
- Pancreatitis
- Intestinal angioedema
- Hepatitis, jaundice, liver necrosis
- Excessive sweating
- Pemphigus (autoimmune blistering skin disease)
- Toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome
- Erythema multiforme
- Reduced or absent urine output (oliguria/anuria)
A complex of symptoms has been reported that may include fever, inflammation of blood vessels (vasculitis), muscle pain (myalgia), joint pain or inflammation, a positive antinuclear antibody test, elevated ESR, eosinophilia and skin reactions including photosensitivity. Depression and fainting (syncope) have also been reported with unknown frequency.
If you experience any side effects, including those not listed above, talk to your doctor or pharmacist. You can also report side effects directly to your national medicines regulatory authority. By reporting side effects, you help provide more information on the safety of this medicine.
How Should You Store Lisinopril STADA?
Store Lisinopril STADA below 30°C, in its original packaging, out of the sight and reach of children. Do not use after the expiry date printed on the packaging. Return unused medicines to your pharmacy for safe disposal.
Proper storage of medication is essential to maintain its effectiveness and safety. Lisinopril STADA should be stored according to the following guidelines:
- Temperature: Store at or below 30°C (86°F). Do not freeze.
- Light and moisture: Keep in the original blister packaging to protect from light and moisture
- Children: Keep out of the sight and reach of children at all times
- Expiry date: Do not use after the expiry date stated on the outer carton and blister pack. The expiry date refers to the last day of that month
- Disposal: Do not dispose of medicines in wastewater or household waste. Return any unused or expired tablets to your pharmacy for safe disposal. This helps protect the environment
What Does Lisinopril STADA Contain?
Each Lisinopril STADA tablet contains lisinopril (as dihydrate) as the active ingredient, available in 5 mg, 10 mg and 20 mg strengths. Inactive ingredients include calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate, colloidal anhydrous silica, magnesium stearate, maize starch, mannitol and pregelatinised maize starch.
Active Ingredient
The active substance is lisinopril (as dihydrate). Each tablet contains:
- 5 mg tablets: 5.44 mg lisinopril dihydrate, equivalent to 5 mg lisinopril
- 10 mg tablets: 10.89 mg lisinopril dihydrate, equivalent to 10 mg lisinopril
- 20 mg tablets: 21.78 mg lisinopril dihydrate, equivalent to 20 mg lisinopril
Inactive Ingredients (Excipients)
- Calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate
- Colloidal anhydrous silica
- Magnesium stearate
- Maize starch
- Mannitol
- Pregelatinised maize starch
Tablet Description
- 5 mg: White, round, biconvex tablets with a score line on both sides and "5" imprinted on one side. The score line allows the tablet to be divided into two equal halves.
- 10 mg: White, round, biconvex tablets with a cross score on both sides and "10" imprinted on one side. The cross score allows the tablet to be divided into four equal quarters.
- 20 mg: White, round, biconvex tablets with a cross score on both sides and "20" imprinted on one side. The cross score allows the tablet to be divided into four equal quarters.
The tablets are packed in blister packs in the following sizes: 14, 20, 28, 30, 50, 56, 60, 98, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500 and 1,000 tablets. Not all pack sizes may be marketed in your country.
Manufacturer
Lisinopril STADA is manufactured by STADA Arzneimittel AG, Stadastrasse 2–18, 61118 Bad Vilbel, Germany, with additional manufacturing sites in Austria (STADA Arzneimittel GmbH, Vienna), Belgium (Sanico N.V., Turnhout) and Italy (LAMPA San Prospero S.p.A., Modena).
Frequently Asked Questions About Lisinopril STADA
Lisinopril STADA and Zestril both contain the same active ingredient, lisinopril, in the same dosages. Zestril is the original brand-name product, while Lisinopril STADA is a generic equivalent. Generic medicines are required to demonstrate bioequivalence to the original product, meaning they are absorbed and work in the body in the same way. The main differences are in the inactive ingredients (excipients), the tablet appearance and the price – generic versions are typically less expensive.
The dry, persistent cough associated with ACE inhibitors like lisinopril is caused by the accumulation of bradykinin and substance P in the lungs. ACE normally breaks down these substances, so when ACE is inhibited, they build up and irritate the airways. This cough affects approximately 5–10% of patients and is more common in women. If the cough is intolerable, your doctor may switch you to an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB), which works similarly but does not cause bradykinin accumulation.
Lisinopril begins to lower blood pressure within approximately 1 hour of taking a dose, with peak effects occurring at around 6–8 hours. However, the full therapeutic benefit may not be apparent for several weeks, as steady-state blood levels are typically reached after 2–3 days of consistent dosing. Your doctor will usually wait at least 2–4 weeks before adjusting your dose to allow the full effect to be assessed.
Alcohol can enhance the blood pressure-lowering effect of lisinopril, which may increase the risk of dizziness, lightheadedness or fainting, particularly when standing up. While moderate alcohol consumption is not strictly prohibited, it is advisable to limit your intake and be aware of how the combination affects you. Discuss your alcohol consumption with your doctor, especially if you are just starting lisinopril or have recently had a dosage change.
Yes, lisinopril is considered safe and effective for long-term use when taken as directed and with appropriate medical monitoring. It has been in clinical use for over three decades, and extensive evidence supports its long-term safety profile. Regular check-ups including blood pressure monitoring, kidney function tests and potassium level assessments are important to ensure the medication continues to work effectively and safely. Many patients take lisinopril for many years or even a lifetime to manage their blood pressure or heart condition.
Yes, lisinopril can be taken with or without food. Unlike some other medications, food does not affect the absorption of lisinopril. The most important thing is to take it at the same time each day to maintain consistent blood levels and ensure effective blood pressure control throughout the 24-hour dosing period.
References
This article is based on the approved product information for Lisinopril STADA and the following international medical guidelines and peer-reviewed sources:
- Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. European Heart Journal. 2018;39(33):3021–3104. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy339
- Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2018;71(19):e127–e248.
- World Health Organization. WHO Model List of Essential Medicines – 23rd List (2023). Geneva: WHO; 2023.
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Hypertension in adults: diagnosis and management (NG136). Updated 2022.
- British National Formulary (BNF). Lisinopril. Medicines Complete. Accessed January 2026.
- European Medicines Agency (EMA). Lisinopril – Summary of Product Characteristics. EMA SmPC Database.
- Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moyé LA, et al. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction – SAVE trial. New England Journal of Medicine. 1992;327(10):669–677.
- GISSI-3 Investigators. GISSI-3: effects of lisinopril and transdermal glyceryl trinitrate singly and together on 6-week mortality and ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1994;343(8906):1115–1122.
- Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP, Rohde RD. The effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. New England Journal of Medicine. 1993;329(20):1456–1462.
Medical Editorial Team
This article has been written and reviewed by the iMedic Medical Editorial Team, comprising licensed specialist physicians with expertise in cardiology, internal medicine and clinical pharmacology. All content follows the iMedic Editorial Standards and is based on evidence level 1A (systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials).
Reviewed by board-certified specialists in cardiology and clinical pharmacology following ESC/ESH and AHA/ACC guidelines
GRADE framework applied. Evidence level 1A based on systematic reviews, randomised controlled trials and international clinical guidelines
No pharmaceutical company funding or sponsorship. All content is editorially independent with no conflicts of interest
Content reviewed and updated regularly. Last medical review: