Lamotrigin Oresund Pharma: Uses, Dosage & Side Effects
A lamotrigine-based anticonvulsant used for the treatment of epilepsy and prevention of depressive episodes in bipolar disorder
Lamotrigin Oresund Pharma contains the active substance lamotrigine, a broad-spectrum anticonvulsant (antiepileptic) medication. It is used to treat epilepsy in adults and children aged 2 years and older, and to prevent depressive episodes in adults with bipolar disorder. Lamotrigine works by stabilizing neuronal membranes and reducing the excessive release of excitatory neurotransmitters. This medication requires a very gradual dose increase to minimize the risk of serious skin rashes. It is available as 200 mg tablets and requires a prescription.
Quick Facts
Key Takeaways
- Lamotrigine is a well-established anticonvulsant used for epilepsy (focal and generalized seizures) and bipolar disorder (prevention of depressive episodes) in adults and children.
- The dose must be increased very gradually over several weeks to reduce the risk of serious skin rashes, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) – never exceed the recommended titration schedule.
- Valproate significantly increases lamotrigine levels in the blood, requiring a much lower starting dose and slower titration when the two drugs are used together.
- Any rash that develops during treatment should be promptly evaluated by a doctor, as it is not possible to reliably distinguish benign rashes from potentially serious ones early on.
- Lamotrigine should not be stopped suddenly – gradual tapering over at least 2 weeks is recommended to prevent rebound seizures or mood destabilization.
What Is Lamotrigin Oresund Pharma and What Is It Used For?
Lamotrigin Oresund Pharma is a generic formulation of lamotrigine manufactured by Oresund Pharma. Lamotrigine belongs to the phenyltriazine class of anticonvulsant drugs and was first approved for medical use in the 1990s. It has since become one of the most widely prescribed antiepileptic drugs worldwide, recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) as an essential medicine for the treatment of epilepsy.
The primary mechanism of action of lamotrigine involves blocking voltage-sensitive sodium channels on neuronal cell membranes. By binding to the inactivated state of these channels, lamotrigine inhibits the sustained repetitive firing of neurons that is characteristic of epileptic activity, without interfering with normal neuronal signaling. Additionally, lamotrigine reduces the presynaptic release of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, which contributes to both its antiepileptic and mood-stabilizing properties.
In epilepsy, lamotrigine is considered a first-line treatment option for several seizure types. The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) recommends it as initial monotherapy for focal seizures (previously called partial seizures), generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and absence seizures. It is also effective as adjunctive (add-on) therapy when other antiepileptic drugs alone do not provide adequate seizure control. Lamotrigine is approved for use in seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, a severe childhood-onset epilepsy characterized by multiple seizure types and intellectual disability.
For bipolar disorder, lamotrigine has a unique and well-established role in the prevention of depressive episodes. Unlike many other mood stabilizers that are primarily effective against mania, lamotrigine has demonstrated particular efficacy in reducing the frequency and severity of depressive episodes in bipolar I disorder. The British Association for Psychopharmacology (BAP) and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) both recommend lamotrigine as a first-line option for the long-term prevention of bipolar depression. It is important to note that lamotrigine is not indicated for the acute treatment of manic episodes or for the acute treatment of depression.
Indications
- Epilepsy – Monotherapy: Treatment of partial (focal) seizures and generalized seizures, including tonic-clonic seizures, in adults and children aged 2 years and older.
- Epilepsy – Adjunctive therapy: Add-on treatment of partial seizures and generalized seizures, including tonic-clonic seizures and seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, in adults and children aged 2 years and older.
- Bipolar disorder: Prevention of depressive episodes in adults aged 18 years and older with bipolar I disorder who experience predominantly depressive episodes.
What Should You Know Before Taking Lamotrigin Oresund Pharma?
Before starting treatment with Lamotrigin Oresund Pharma, a thorough medical evaluation is essential. Your prescribing physician needs to assess your medical history, current medications, and any risk factors that could influence the safety and efficacy of lamotrigine therapy. Understanding the precautions and contraindications is critical for safe use of this medication.
Contraindications
Lamotrigine is contraindicated in patients with a known hypersensitivity to lamotrigine or to any of the excipients in the formulation. If you have previously experienced a serious skin reaction (such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis) while taking lamotrigine, you must not take it again, as rechallenge carries a high risk of rapid and severe recurrence. There are no other absolute contraindications, but several conditions require special caution.
Warnings and Precautions
Lamotrigine can cause serious, potentially life-threatening skin rashes, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). The risk is highest during the first 8 weeks of treatment and is significantly increased by: (1) exceeding the recommended initial dose, (2) escalating the dose too rapidly, (3) co-administration with valproate without appropriate dose reduction, and (4) younger age (children are at higher risk than adults). Discontinue lamotrigine at the first sign of a rash and seek immediate medical evaluation.
The incidence of serious skin rashes associated with lamotrigine is approximately 1 in 500 adults and 1 in 200 to 1 in 300 children when used in clinical practice. However, adherence to the recommended slow titration schedule significantly reduces this risk. In controlled clinical trials using the recommended dose escalation, the incidence of serious rash was approximately 1 in 3,000 adults. The risk is substantially higher when lamotrigine is used with valproate without dose adjustment.
HLH has been reported in rare cases in patients taking lamotrigine. This is a potentially life-threatening condition involving pathological immune activation. Symptoms include unexplained fever, severe fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, liver or spleen enlargement, bleeding or bruising, and skin rash. Seek immediate medical attention if you develop these symptoms.
Suicidal ideation: As with all antiepileptic drugs, there is a small increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior. Patients and caregivers should be alert to the emergence of suicidal ideation, depression, or unusual changes in mood or behavior, particularly during the initial months of therapy or after dose changes.
Renal impairment: Lamotrigine and its inactive glucuronide metabolite are primarily eliminated by the kidneys. Caution is warranted in patients with significant renal impairment (including end-stage renal disease), and dose reduction may be necessary. Patients on dialysis may need dose adjustments based on plasma level monitoring.
Hepatic impairment: Although lamotrigine is metabolized by the liver, it does not undergo significant cytochrome P450 metabolism. Dose reductions of approximately 50% are recommended in moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Grade B) and approximately 75% in severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Grade C).
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
Lamotrigine is one of the most extensively studied antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy. Data from multiple pregnancy registries (including the North American AED Pregnancy Registry, the UK Epilepsy and Pregnancy Register, and the European Registry of Antiepileptic Drugs and Pregnancy) indicate that lamotrigine monotherapy is associated with a relatively low overall risk of major congenital malformations, generally in the range of 2–3%, which is only slightly elevated compared to the background risk of 2–3% in the general population.
However, some registry data have suggested a possible small increase in the risk of oral clefts (cleft lip with or without cleft palate) with first-trimester lamotrigine exposure, although this finding has not been consistent across all studies. The absolute risk, if present, remains small (estimated at approximately 1 in 550 to 1 in 1,000 exposed pregnancies, compared to approximately 1 in 1,000 in the general population).
Physiological changes during pregnancy, particularly increased glucuronidation and renal clearance, can significantly reduce lamotrigine plasma levels – often by 50% or more – especially during the second and third trimesters. This reduction can lead to loss of seizure control, which poses its own serious risks to both mother and fetus. Regular therapeutic drug monitoring (at least monthly) is recommended throughout pregnancy, with dose adjustments as needed. After delivery, lamotrigine levels typically rise rapidly as clearance returns to pre-pregnancy levels, and the dose may need to be reduced to avoid toxicity.
Lamotrigine passes into breast milk at variable but potentially significant concentrations (typically 25–50% of the maternal plasma level). Breastfed infants should be monitored for potential adverse effects including sedation, poor feeding, and rash. Most international guidelines support breastfeeding during lamotrigine monotherapy, but the decision should be individualized.
Hormonal Contraceptives
Combined oral contraceptives containing ethinylestradiol can significantly decrease lamotrigine plasma levels (by approximately 50%), potentially reducing seizure control. Conversely, when the contraceptive pill is stopped (including the pill-free week), lamotrigine levels may rise and cause side effects. Women using hormonal contraception should discuss dose adjustments with their doctor. Non-hormonal contraceptive methods or continuous-regimen contraceptives may be preferable.
How Does Lamotrigin Oresund Pharma Interact with Other Drugs?
Drug interactions with lamotrigine are primarily pharmacokinetic in nature, involving changes to how lamotrigine is metabolized and eliminated from the body. Because lamotrigine is primarily metabolized by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), drugs that inhibit or induce these enzymes can have profound effects on lamotrigine plasma concentrations. Understanding these interactions is essential for safe prescribing, as they directly determine the appropriate dosing regimen.
Major Interactions
| Interacting Drug | Effect on Lamotrigine | Clinical Consequence |
|---|---|---|
| Valproate (valproic acid) | Approximately doubles lamotrigine half-life and levels | Starting dose must be halved (25 mg every other day); much slower titration required. Increased risk of serious rash if dose not adjusted. |
| Carbamazepine | Approximately halves lamotrigine levels | Higher lamotrigine doses typically required. Lamotrigine may also increase carbamazepine epoxide levels, potentially causing neurotoxic side effects. |
| Phenytoin | Approximately halves lamotrigine levels | Higher lamotrigine doses typically required. Use enzyme-inducing titration schedule. |
| Phenobarbital / Primidone | Approximately halves lamotrigine levels | Higher lamotrigine doses typically required. Use enzyme-inducing titration schedule. |
| Oral contraceptives (ethinylestradiol) | Reduces lamotrigine levels by approximately 50% | May need dose increase when starting OCP; dose decrease when stopping. Levels fluctuate during pill-free week. |
| Rifampicin | Significantly reduces lamotrigine levels | Dose adjustment and therapeutic drug monitoring recommended during and after rifampicin treatment. |
Minor Interactions
Oxcarbazepine: Has a modest enzyme-inducing effect that may slightly reduce lamotrigine levels, though the clinical significance is less than with carbamazepine. Monitor clinical response and consider therapeutic drug monitoring if seizure control changes.
Topiramate: No clinically significant pharmacokinetic interaction with lamotrigine has been identified. The two drugs can generally be used in combination without dose adjustment of either agent.
Levetiracetam: No significant interaction. The two drugs are frequently used in combination for epilepsy and do not require dose adjustment of either when co-administered.
Lithium: No pharmacokinetic interaction has been demonstrated. Lamotrigine and lithium are sometimes used together in the management of bipolar disorder.
Atazanavir/ritonavir (HIV antiretrovirals): Atazanavir/ritonavir may decrease lamotrigine levels. Monitor clinical efficacy and consider dose adjustments with therapeutic drug monitoring.
Lamotrigine does not significantly induce or inhibit cytochrome P450 enzymes or UGT enzymes. Therefore, it generally does not affect the plasma levels of most other co-administered medications. This makes it a relatively favorable choice in patients on complex multi-drug regimens.
What Is the Correct Dosage of Lamotrigin Oresund Pharma?
Lamotrigine has one of the most complex dosing schedules of any commonly prescribed medication. The dose titration must be individualized based on: (1) whether lamotrigine is used as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy, (2) whether the patient is also taking valproate (which increases lamotrigine levels), (3) whether the patient is taking enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs (which decrease lamotrigine levels), and (4) the patient's age and indication. Failure to follow the appropriate titration schedule significantly increases the risk of serious skin rashes.
Adults – Epilepsy
| Period | Monotherapy | With Valproate | With Enzyme Inducers |
|---|---|---|---|
| Weeks 1–2 | 25 mg once daily | 12.5 mg once daily (25 mg every other day) | 50 mg once daily |
| Weeks 3–4 | 50 mg once daily | 25 mg once daily | 100 mg daily (in 2 divided doses) |
| Weeks 5–6 | 100 mg daily (1–2 doses) | 50 mg daily (1–2 doses) | 200 mg daily (in 2 divided doses) |
| Maintenance | 100–200 mg/day | 100–200 mg/day | 200–400 mg/day |
In monotherapy, the usual maintenance dose is 100–200 mg/day given as one or two divided doses. Some patients may require up to 500 mg/day. Dose increases after the titration phase should be no more than 50–100 mg every 1–2 weeks.
Adults – Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar Disorder – Prevention of Depressive Episodes
The titration schedule follows the same principles as for epilepsy and depends on whether valproate or enzyme-inducing drugs are co-prescribed. The target maintenance dose is typically 200 mg/day (range: 100–400 mg/day). For patients taking valproate, the usual maintenance dose is 100 mg/day. For patients taking enzyme inducers without valproate, the maintenance dose may need to be 300–400 mg/day.
Children (Aged 2–12 Years)
Dosing in children is calculated by body weight (mg/kg/day). The initial dose and titration rate are the same as for adults in terms of the schedule, but the absolute doses are weight-based. Monotherapy is typically started at 0.3 mg/kg/day (if taking valproate) or 0.6 mg/kg/day (monotherapy or with enzyme inducers), given in 1–2 divided doses for weeks 1–2, then gradually increased. The usual maintenance dose ranges from 1–5 mg/kg/day in monotherapy to 1–3 mg/kg/day with valproate and 5–15 mg/kg/day with enzyme inducers, up to a maximum of 200 mg/day in most cases.
Children are at a higher risk of serious skin rashes than adults. It is essential to adhere strictly to the weight-based titration schedule and to not exceed recommended dose increments. Parents and caregivers should be educated about the signs of skin rash and instructed to seek immediate medical attention if any rash develops.
Elderly
No specific dose adjustments are routinely required for elderly patients based on age alone. However, elderly patients are more likely to have renal impairment, hepatic dysfunction, or to be taking multiple medications that may interact with lamotrigine. Therefore, dose selection should be cautious, typically starting at the lower end of the dosing range, and titration should be guided by clinical response and tolerability. Therapeutic drug monitoring may be particularly useful in this population.
Missed Dose
If you miss a dose, take it as soon as you remember unless it is almost time for the next scheduled dose. In that case, skip the missed dose and continue with the regular dosing schedule. Do not take a double dose to make up for a missed one. If you miss several doses consecutively, contact your doctor for guidance, as it may be necessary to re-titrate the dose from a lower level, especially if more than 5 consecutive half-lives have elapsed (approximately 5 days for patients on monotherapy).
Overdose
Symptoms of lamotrigine overdose may include nystagmus (rapid involuntary eye movements), ataxia (loss of coordination), impaired consciousness, seizures, widened QRS complex on ECG, and coma. If overdose is suspected, seek emergency medical treatment immediately. There is no specific antidote for lamotrigine. Treatment is supportive and may include activated charcoal if administered within 1–2 hours of ingestion. Hemodialysis may be considered in severe cases. Contact your local poison control center or emergency services.
What Are the Side Effects of Lamotrigin Oresund Pharma?
Like all medications, lamotrigine can cause side effects, although not everyone experiences them. Lamotrigine is generally well tolerated compared to many other antiepileptic drugs, with a side effect profile that is considered relatively favorable by most international guidelines. Central nervous system effects and skin reactions are the most commonly reported adverse effects. The frequency and severity of side effects may vary depending on the dose, the rate of dose escalation, and co-administered medications.
Very Common (affects more than 1 in 10 people)
- Headache
- Skin rash (usually mild, maculopapular; onset typically within first 8 weeks)
- Dizziness
Common (affects 1 in 10 to 1 in 100 people)
- Nausea, vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Drowsiness (somnolence)
- Insomnia
- Agitation, irritability
- Tremor
- Diplopia (double vision)
- Blurred vision
- Nystagmus
- Ataxia (unsteadiness)
- Fatigue
- Pain, back pain
- Arthralgia (joint pain)
Uncommon (affects 1 in 100 to 1 in 1,000 people)
- Movement disorders (choreoathetosis, tics)
- Worsening of Parkinson's disease
- Hallucinations, confusion
- Alopecia (hair loss)
Rare (affects fewer than 1 in 1,000 people)
- Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS)
- Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)
- Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS)
- Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)
- Aseptic meningitis
- Hepatic failure, hepatitis
- Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
- Lupus-like reactions
- Agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, pancytopenia
- Angioedema
Frequency Not Known
- Prolongation of the QT interval on ECG (observed in overdose)
- Rhabdomyolysis (reported in association with hypersensitivity reactions)
- Worsening of seizures (paradoxical)
Many of the central nervous system side effects (dizziness, drowsiness, ataxia, diplopia) are dose-related and are more likely to occur during the titration phase, particularly if the dose is escalated too rapidly. These effects often diminish or resolve with continued treatment at a stable dose. The overall tolerability of lamotrigine is generally considered to be superior to many older antiepileptic drugs, which is one reason for its widespread use and recommendation as a first-line agent.
Contact your doctor or go to the nearest emergency department immediately if you experience: any skin rash (especially with blistering, peeling, or mouth sores), high fever with swollen glands, yellowing of the skin or eyes, unusual bruising or bleeding, severe fatigue, facial swelling, or difficulty breathing. These may be signs of a serious and potentially life-threatening reaction.
How Should You Store Lamotrigin Oresund Pharma?
Proper storage of medication is essential to ensure that it retains its full therapeutic potency and safety throughout its shelf life. Lamotrigine tablets should be stored according to the following guidelines to maintain their quality:
- Temperature: Store at room temperature, not exceeding 25°C (77°F). Do not freeze. Avoid storage in areas subject to temperature extremes, such as bathrooms, kitchens near stoves, or in vehicles.
- Light and moisture: Keep the tablets in the original blister packaging or bottle until use. Protect from direct sunlight and excessive humidity.
- Children: Store in a secure location out of the sight and reach of children. Lamotrigine tablets can be dangerous if ingested by a child in an uncontrolled dose.
- Expiry date: Do not use the tablets after the expiry date printed on the blister or carton. The expiry date refers to the last day of that month.
- Disposal: Do not dispose of medications via household waste or wastewater. Return unused or expired tablets to a pharmacy for proper disposal in accordance with local environmental regulations.
If the tablets change in appearance (e.g., discoloration, unusual odor, crumbling), do not use them and consult your pharmacist. When traveling, carry your medication in your hand luggage and keep it in its original packaging with the prescription label to avoid issues at border controls.
What Does Lamotrigin Oresund Pharma Contain?
Understanding the composition of your medication is important, particularly if you have known allergies or sensitivities to specific pharmaceutical excipients. Below is a detailed breakdown of the composition of Lamotrigin Oresund Pharma 200 mg tablets.
Active Ingredient
The active substance is lamotrigine, a phenyltriazine compound. Each tablet contains 200 mg of lamotrigine. Lamotrigine is a white to pale cream-colored powder that is practically insoluble in water.
Inactive Ingredients (Excipients)
| Ingredient | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Lamotrigine | Active substance (anticonvulsant) | 200 mg per tablet |
| Lactose monohydrate | Filler / diluent | Patients with lactose intolerance should consult their doctor |
| Microcrystalline cellulose | Filler / binder | Provides tablet structure |
| Povidone | Binder | Holds tablet ingredients together |
| Sodium starch glycolate | Disintegrant | Aids tablet dissolution |
| Magnesium stearate | Lubricant | Prevents sticking during manufacturing |
Appearance and Pack Sizes
Lamotrigin Oresund Pharma 200 mg tablets are supplied as white to off-white, round or oval, biconvex tablets that may be scored for ease of dose splitting. The tablets are packed in PVC/aluminium blister strips inside a cardboard carton. Available pack sizes may vary by country; common pack sizes include 30, 56, 60, 90, and 100 tablets. Not all pack sizes may be marketed in every country.
Marketing Authorization Holder and Manufacturer
Lamotrigin Oresund Pharma is a generic formulation manufactured and marketed by Oresund Pharma. Generic lamotrigine formulations must meet strict bioequivalence standards set by regulatory authorities (such as the EMA in Europe and the FDA in the United States) to ensure they are therapeutically equivalent to the original branded product (Lamictal, GlaxoSmithKline). This means they contain the same active ingredient, in the same dose, and produce the same plasma levels as the reference product.
Frequently Asked Questions About Lamotrigin Oresund Pharma
Lamotrigin Oresund Pharma contains lamotrigine, an anticonvulsant medication used for two main conditions: epilepsy and bipolar disorder. For epilepsy, it treats partial (focal) seizures and generalized seizures, including tonic-clonic seizures and seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, in adults and children aged 2 years and older. For bipolar disorder, it prevents depressive episodes in adults aged 18 and older. It is one of the most widely prescribed antiepileptic drugs worldwide and is on the WHO List of Essential Medicines.
The dose must be increased very slowly to reduce the risk of serious skin rashes, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). These are rare but potentially life-threatening conditions. Research has shown that a gradual dose titration over several weeks significantly reduces this risk compared to starting at a higher dose. The typical titration takes 5–6 weeks or longer, and it is critical to never exceed the recommended dose escalation schedule, particularly if you are also taking valproate.
Lamotrigine is one of the most studied antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy and has a relatively favorable safety profile compared to many other anticonvulsants. Pregnancy registries show an overall malformation rate of 2–3% with lamotrigine monotherapy, which is similar to the background risk. Some data suggest a small possible increase in cleft lip/palate risk. Importantly, lamotrigine levels can drop by 50% or more during pregnancy, so regular blood level monitoring and dose adjustments are typically required. Never stop lamotrigine without medical guidance, as uncontrolled seizures pose serious risks to both mother and baby.
Contact your doctor immediately if you develop any rash while taking lamotrigine. While most rashes associated with lamotrigine are mild and benign, it is not possible to reliably determine early on whether a rash will remain benign or progress to a serious condition. Your doctor will evaluate the rash and may discontinue the medication as a precaution. Seek emergency medical attention if the rash is accompanied by fever, mouth sores, blistering, peeling skin, swelling of the face or lips, or flu-like symptoms, as these can indicate a serious hypersensitivity reaction.
Valproate (valproic acid or sodium valproate) is one of the most important drug interactions with lamotrigine. It inhibits the enzyme that breaks down lamotrigine (UGT1A4), approximately doubling the half-life and plasma levels of lamotrigine. This means the starting dose of lamotrigine must be halved (25 mg every other day instead of 25 mg daily) and the dose must be increased much more slowly when the two drugs are used together. Failure to reduce the lamotrigine dose when co-prescribing with valproate substantially increases the risk of serious skin reactions.
No, you should never stop taking lamotrigine abruptly without your doctor's guidance. In epilepsy, sudden discontinuation can cause rebound seizures, which can be dangerous and potentially life-threatening (status epilepticus). In bipolar disorder, abrupt cessation may trigger a mood episode. Lamotrigine should be tapered gradually over at least 2 weeks. The only exception is when the drug must be stopped immediately due to a serious adverse reaction such as a skin rash or hypersensitivity syndrome, in which case your doctor will provide specific instructions.
References
- European Medicines Agency (EMA). Lamotrigine – Summary of Product Characteristics. Last updated 2025. Available at: EMA Medicines Database.
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Lamictal (lamotrigine) – Prescribing Information. GlaxoSmithKline. Revised 2024.
- Marson AG, Al-Kharusi AM, Alwaidh M, et al. The SANAD study of effectiveness of carbamazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, or topiramate for treatment of partial epilepsy: an unblinded randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2007;369(9566):1000–1015. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60460-7.
- Marson AG, Al-Kharusi AM, Alwaidh M, et al. The SANAD II study of the effectiveness of valproate, lamotrigine, or levetiracetam for newly diagnosed generalised and unclassifiable epilepsy: an open-label, non-inferiority, multicentre, phase 4, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2021;397(10282):1375–1386. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00246-4.
- Bowden CL, Calabrese JR, Sachs G, et al. A Placebo-Controlled 18-Month Trial of Lamotrigine and Lithium Maintenance Treatment in Recently Manic or Hypomanic Patients With Bipolar I Disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60(4):392–400. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.4.392.
- Calabrese JR, Bowden CL, Sachs G, et al. A Placebo-Controlled 18-Month Trial of Lamotrigine and Lithium Maintenance Treatment in Recently Depressed Patients With Bipolar I Disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(9):1013–1024.
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Epilepsies in Children, Young People and Adults. NICE guideline [NG217]. Published April 2022. Available at: NICE NG217.
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Bipolar Disorder: Assessment and Management. NICE guideline [CG185]. Updated February 2024.
- Vajda FJE, O'Brien TJ, Lander CM, et al. The teratogenicity of the newer antiepileptic drugs – an update. Acta Neurol Scand. 2014;130(4):234–238. doi:10.1111/ane.12280.
- World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Model List of Essential Medicines – 23rd List (2023). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023.
- British National Formulary (BNF). Lamotrigine. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). 2025.
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