Kyntheum: Uses, Dosage & Side Effects
A biologic IL-17 receptor blocker (monoclonal antibody) for the treatment of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis in adults
Kyntheum (brodalumab) is a biologic medicine used to treat moderate to severe plaque psoriasis in adults whose disease affects large areas of the body and who are candidates for systemic therapy. Brodalumab is a human monoclonal antibody that works by blocking the interleukin-17 receptor A (IL-17RA), effectively shutting down a key inflammatory pathway responsible for the rapid skin cell turnover, redness, and scaling characteristic of psoriasis. Kyntheum is administered by subcutaneous injection using a pre-filled syringe and has demonstrated high rates of complete or near-complete skin clearance in large clinical trials. It is marketed as Kyntheum in Europe and as Siliq in the United States.
Quick Facts: Kyntheum
Key Takeaways
- Kyntheum (brodalumab) is a biologic that blocks the IL-17 receptor A, targeting the inflammatory pathway that drives plaque psoriasis — it is approved for moderate to severe plaque psoriasis in adults who are candidates for systemic therapy.
- Treatment begins with 210 mg injections at weeks 0, 1, and 2 (loading phase), followed by 210 mg every 2 weeks as maintenance; many patients see significant improvement within 2–4 weeks.
- Kyntheum must not be used in patients with active Crohn’s disease or clinically significant active infections, and patients should be evaluated for suicidal risk factors before and during treatment.
- The most common side effects are joint pain, headache, fatigue, diarrhea, injection site reactions, and fungal skin infections; serious allergic reactions and inflammatory bowel disease have been reported rarely.
- Live vaccines should not be given during treatment; women of childbearing potential should use effective contraception during therapy and for at least 12 weeks after the last dose.
What Is Kyntheum and What Is It Used For?
Kyntheum contains the active substance brodalumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody of the immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2) subclass. Monoclonal antibodies are specially engineered proteins designed to recognize and bind to specific targets in the body with high precision. In the case of brodalumab, the target is the interleukin-17 receptor A (IL-17RA), a receptor protein found on the surface of many cell types, including keratinocytes (skin cells), immune cells, and fibroblasts. IL-17RA serves as the signaling hub for several pro-inflammatory cytokines in the interleukin-17 family.
Brodalumab belongs to a class of medicines called interleukin (IL) inhibitors. Unlike some other biologics that target individual IL-17 cytokines (such as secukinumab and ixekizumab, which block IL-17A), brodalumab takes a broader approach by blocking the receptor itself. By binding to IL-17RA, brodalumab prevents the biological activity of multiple IL-17 family members: IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-17C, the IL-17A/F heterodimer, and IL-25 (IL-17E). This comprehensive receptor blockade results in a more thorough suppression of the IL-17-driven inflammatory cascade that is central to the pathogenesis of plaque psoriasis.
In plaque psoriasis, the IL-17 pathway is abnormally activated. Immune cells — particularly T-helper 17 (Th17) cells — produce elevated levels of IL-17 cytokines, which signal through IL-17RA on keratinocytes and other cells. This leads to a cascade of pro-inflammatory events: keratinocyte hyperproliferation (excessively rapid skin cell growth), recruitment of neutrophils to the skin, release of additional inflammatory mediators, and disruption of the skin barrier. The clinical result is the formation of raised, red, thickened plaques covered with silvery-white scales that are the hallmark of plaque psoriasis. By blocking IL-17RA, brodalumab interrupts this pathological cycle at its core.
While other biologics (e.g., secukinumab, ixekizumab) block a single cytokine (IL-17A), brodalumab is unique in blocking the receptor (IL-17RA) that mediates signaling from multiple IL-17 family members. This broader mechanism may contribute to the high rates of complete skin clearance (PASI 100) observed in clinical trials.
Kyntheum is approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and regulatory authorities in many countries for the treatment of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis in adult patients who are candidates for systemic therapy. In the United States, it is marketed under the brand name Siliq. The pivotal phase III clinical trials — AMAGINE-1, AMAGINE-2, and AMAGINE-3 — enrolled more than 4,300 patients and demonstrated that brodalumab achieved superior rates of skin clearance compared to both placebo and the established biologic ustekinumab (Stelara). Approximately 44% of patients achieved PASI 100 (complete skin clearance) at week 12, and response rates continued to improve with longer treatment.
By using Kyntheum, patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis can experience significant improvement in their skin symptoms, including reduction in itching, redness, scaling, burning, stinging, cracking, flaking, and pain. The treatment is intended for long-term use, and your prescribing physician will regularly monitor your condition to ensure the therapy continues to provide the desired benefits.
What Should You Know Before Taking Kyntheum?
Contraindications
Kyntheum must not be used in certain situations. Your doctor will assess whether any of these apply to you before prescribing this medicine. You should not use Kyntheum if:
- Allergy to brodalumab or excipients: You are allergic to brodalumab or to any of the other ingredients in Kyntheum (proline, glutamate, polysorbate 20, and water for injections). If you suspect you may be allergic, consult your doctor before use.
- Active Crohn’s disease: You have active Crohn’s disease, a type of inflammatory bowel disease. IL-17 blockade has been associated with worsening or new onset of inflammatory bowel disease.
- Clinically significant active infection: You have an infection that your doctor considers significant, such as active tuberculosis (TB). Active infections must be adequately treated before initiating Kyntheum.
Suicidal ideation and behavior, including completed suicides, have been reported in patients treated with brodalumab. Before starting Kyntheum, your doctor will evaluate you for risk factors including any history of depression, anxiety, or suicidal thoughts. During treatment, report any new or worsening depression, anxiety, mood changes, or thoughts of self-harm to your healthcare provider immediately. If you experience suicidal thoughts, contact emergency services or a crisis helpline right away.
Warnings and Precautions
Talk to your doctor, pharmacist, or nurse before using Kyntheum if any of the following apply to you:
- Inflammatory bowel disease: If you have Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis, even if not currently active, discuss this with your doctor. IL-17 inhibitors, including brodalumab, have been associated with new-onset or exacerbation of inflammatory bowel disease. Stop using Kyntheum and seek medical attention immediately if you develop abdominal cramps and pain, diarrhea, weight loss, or blood in your stool.
- Mental health history: If you have ever had or currently experience suicidal thoughts, depression, anxiety, or mood disorders, or have engaged in self-harm. You will be monitored closely during treatment.
- Current or recurrent infections: If you have an ongoing infection or tend to get infections frequently. Kyntheum may make infections worse or make you more susceptible to new infections.
- Chronic infections: If you have a long-term (chronic) infection of any type.
- Tuberculosis: If you have tuberculosis, have tested positive for TB, or have been in close contact with someone who has TB. You may need treatment for TB before starting Kyntheum, and you will be monitored for signs and symptoms of TB during therapy.
- Vaccinations: If you have recently received or plan to receive a vaccination. You should not be given live vaccines while taking Kyntheum. Inactivated vaccines are generally considered safe during treatment.
- Infant vaccination: If you used Kyntheum during the last three months of pregnancy, talk to your doctor before your infant receives any live vaccines.
- Concomitant immunosuppressive therapy: If you are receiving other psoriasis treatments, including immunosuppressive medicines or phototherapy with ultraviolet (UV) light. Combining Kyntheum with other immunosuppressive therapies has not been extensively studied and may increase the risk of infection.
After starting treatment with Kyntheum, contact your healthcare provider immediately if you develop Crohn’s disease, feel depressed, anxious, or have suicidal thoughts, develop signs of an infection, or are diagnosed with tuberculosis.
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
If you are pregnant, breastfeeding, think you may be pregnant, or are planning to have a baby, ask your doctor or pharmacist for advice before using this medicine. Kyntheum has not been adequately studied in pregnant women, and it is not known whether brodalumab can harm an unborn baby. As a precaution, it is best to avoid using Kyntheum during pregnancy. Women of childbearing potential should use effective contraception during treatment and for at least 12 weeks after the last dose of Kyntheum.
It is not known whether brodalumab passes into breast milk. Because many antibodies are excreted in human milk, a risk to the nursing infant cannot be excluded. Your doctor will help you decide whether to discontinue breastfeeding or discontinue Kyntheum, taking into account the benefit of breastfeeding for the child and the benefit of Kyntheum therapy for you.
Driving and Operating Machinery
Kyntheum is unlikely to affect your ability to drive or operate machinery. No specific studies have been conducted on the effects of brodalumab on driving or the use of machines, and no clinically significant effects on these activities have been observed in clinical trials.
Children and Adolescents
Kyntheum is not recommended for children and adolescents under 18 years of age because it has not been studied in this population. The safety and efficacy of brodalumab in pediatric patients have not been established.
How Does Kyntheum Interact with Other Drugs?
Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are taking, have recently taken, or might take any other medicines. Because brodalumab is a monoclonal antibody and not metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes, direct pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions are unlikely. However, there are important considerations regarding how IL-17 pathway blockade may indirectly affect the metabolism of other medications.
During chronic inflammation, elevated levels of certain cytokines (including IL-17) can suppress the expression and activity of CYP450 enzymes. When an IL-17 inhibitor like Kyntheum is introduced and inflammation resolves, the suppression of CYP450 enzymes may be reversed, leading to normalization (or increase) of CYP450 enzyme activity. This means that drugs metabolized by CYP450 enzymes — particularly those with a narrow therapeutic index — may be metabolized more rapidly, potentially reducing their serum concentrations and clinical effectiveness.
Major Interactions
| Interacting Drug / Class | Effect | Clinical Significance |
|---|---|---|
| Live vaccines (e.g., BCG, MMR, oral polio, yellow fever, rotavirus, live attenuated influenza) | Increased risk of infection from live vaccine strains due to immunosuppressive effects of IL-17 blockade | Contraindicated. Do not administer live vaccines during Kyntheum treatment. Complete all age-appropriate vaccinations before starting therapy. |
| Warfarin | Normalization of CYP450 activity may increase warfarin metabolism, reducing INR | Monitor INR closely when starting or stopping Kyntheum; dose adjustment of warfarin may be needed. |
| Cyclosporine | Potential change in cyclosporine levels due to CYP3A4 activity normalization | Monitor cyclosporine levels; combination with Kyntheum not well studied and not routinely recommended. |
| Theophylline | CYP1A2-mediated metabolism may increase as inflammation resolves | Monitor theophylline levels when initiating or discontinuing Kyntheum. |
Minor Interactions
| Interacting Drug / Class | Effect | Clinical Significance |
|---|---|---|
| Inactivated vaccines (e.g., influenza injection, pneumococcal, hepatitis B) | Immune response to vaccines may be slightly reduced | Can generally be given during treatment; however, immune responses may be suboptimal. |
| Topical corticosteroids | No known pharmacokinetic interaction | May be used concurrently as adjunctive therapy if needed. |
| Other biologics for psoriasis (e.g., adalimumab, secukinumab, ustekinumab) | No formal interaction studies; theoretical increased immunosuppression | Combination with other systemic biologics is not recommended due to insufficient safety data. |
Always inform your healthcare provider about all medications you are taking, including over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements. If you are due for vaccination or if your infant requires vaccination, discuss the timing with your doctor in advance.
What Is the Correct Dosage of Kyntheum?
Kyntheum should be prescribed and initiated by a physician experienced in the diagnosis and treatment of psoriasis. Always use this medicine exactly as your doctor, pharmacist, or nurse has told you. If you are unsure, ask your healthcare provider for clarification. The recommended dosing regimen is the same for all adult patients, as dose adjustments based on body weight are not necessary.
Adults
Standard Dosing Regimen
Loading Phase (Weeks 0–2): 210 mg by subcutaneous injection at week 0 (first dose), week 1, and week 2.
Maintenance Phase (Week 4 onward): 210 mg by subcutaneous injection every 2 weeks.
Administration: Pre-filled syringe, subcutaneous injection into the upper thigh, abdomen (at least 5 cm from the navel), or outer upper arm (caregiver only).
Kyntheum is intended for long-term treatment. Your doctor will regularly review your condition to ensure that the treatment continues to provide the desired effect. If you do not notice improvement in your psoriasis symptoms after an adequate trial period, discuss this with your doctor. Treatment discontinuation should be considered in patients who have shown no response by week 12–16.
| Phase | Timing | Dose | Route |
|---|---|---|---|
| Loading — Dose 1 | Week 0 (Day 1) | 210 mg | Subcutaneous |
| Loading — Dose 2 | Week 1 | 210 mg | Subcutaneous |
| Loading — Dose 3 | Week 2 | 210 mg | Subcutaneous |
| Maintenance | Every 2 weeks from Week 4 | 210 mg | Subcutaneous |
Children
Kyntheum is not recommended for use in children and adolescents under 18 years of age. The safety and effectiveness of brodalumab have not been established in the pediatric population, and no clinical data are available for this age group. If your child has psoriasis, speak with a pediatric dermatologist about appropriate treatment options.
Elderly
No dose adjustment is required for elderly patients. In clinical trials, there were no overall differences in safety or efficacy between patients aged 65 years and older and younger adult patients. However, the number of patients aged 65 and older enrolled in clinical studies was not sufficient to determine definitively whether they respond differently. As with all biologic therapies, elderly patients may be at higher risk of infections, and close monitoring is advisable.
How to Inject Kyntheum
If your doctor determines that you or a caregiver can administer the injections at home, you will first receive training on the correct way to prepare and inject Kyntheum. Do not attempt to inject until your healthcare provider has demonstrated the proper technique. Kyntheum is supplied in a pre-filled syringe for single use only.
- Remove the syringe from the refrigerator and allow it to reach room temperature for at least 30 minutes before injecting. Do not warm the syringe using a heat source such as hot water or a microwave.
- Do not shake the syringe. Check that the solution is clear to slightly opalescent and colorless to slightly yellow, without particles.
- Inject into the upper thigh, abdomen (avoiding a 5 cm area around the navel), or the outer upper arm (caregiver only). Rotate injection sites and avoid injecting into areas of tender, bruised, red, or hard skin, or into areas affected by psoriasis.
- After use, dispose of the syringe in a sharps disposal container. Never reuse a syringe.
Missed Dose
If you forget to inject a dose of Kyntheum, administer the next dose as soon as possible. Then contact your doctor to discuss when to schedule your next injection. Do not take a double dose to make up for a missed one. Maintaining a consistent dosing schedule is important for optimal treatment outcomes.
Overdose
If you have used more Kyntheum than prescribed, or have administered your dose earlier than scheduled, inform your doctor. In clinical trials, single intravenous doses of up to 700 mg were administered without dose-limiting toxicity. However, any overdose should be reported so that your doctor can monitor you for potential adverse effects and provide appropriate care if needed.
Do not stop using Kyntheum without first talking to your doctor. If you discontinue treatment, your psoriasis symptoms may return. Stopping and restarting treatment should be done under medical supervision to ensure the best possible outcome.
What Are the Side Effects of Kyntheum?
The side effects of Kyntheum observed in clinical trials and post-marketing surveillance are listed below according to their frequency. Understanding the frequency helps you and your doctor weigh the benefits and risks of treatment. Most side effects of Kyntheum are mild to moderate in severity and do not require discontinuation of therapy.
Serious Side Effects
Stop using Kyntheum and seek immediate medical attention if you experience any of the following serious side effects:
Rare (may affect up to 1 in 1,000 people). Symptoms may include: difficulty breathing or swallowing, low blood pressure causing dizziness or a feeling of faintness, swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat, severe skin itching with a red rash or raised bumps. This is a medical emergency requiring immediate treatment.
May affect up to 1 in 100 people. Symptoms may include: fever, flu-like symptoms, night sweats, tiredness or shortness of breath, persistent cough, warm, red, and painful skin or a painful rash with blisters. Report these symptoms to your doctor promptly, as infection treatment may be needed and Kyntheum may need to be temporarily discontinued.
Side Effects by Frequency
Common
May affect up to 1 in 10 people
- Diarrhea
- Nausea
- Injection site reactions (redness, pain, itching, bruising, or bleeding)
- Fatigue (tiredness)
- Oropharyngeal pain (pain in mouth or throat)
- Fungal skin infections including tinea (athlete’s foot, ringworm, jock itch)
- Influenza (flu)
- Headache
- Arthralgia (joint pain)
- Myalgia (muscle pain)
Uncommon
May affect up to 1 in 100 people
- Oral, throat, or genital candidiasis (thrush)
- Conjunctivitis (watery eyes with itching, redness, and swelling)
- Low white blood cell count (neutropenia)
Rare
May affect up to 1 in 1,000 people
- Severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) — seek immediate medical help
Not Known
Frequency cannot be estimated from available data
- Pyoderma gangrenosum (painful swelling and skin ulcers)
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Abdominal cramps and pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and blood in the stool (signs of bowel problems) have been reported with IL-17 inhibitors, including Kyntheum. These symptoms may indicate new-onset or worsening Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis. If you experience any of these gastrointestinal symptoms, stop using Kyntheum and contact your doctor or seek emergency medical care immediately. Early recognition and management of inflammatory bowel disease symptoms is essential for preventing serious complications.
Mental Health Effects
Suicidal ideation and behavior, including completed suicides, have been reported in patients treated with brodalumab during clinical trials and post-marketing experience. While a causal relationship has not been definitively established, patients should be monitored for any emergence or worsening of depression, anxiety, or other mood changes. A direct relationship between brodalumab and suicidality has not been established; however, the FDA has implemented a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) program for Siliq (brodalumab) in the United States to ensure that prescribers and patients are informed of these risks.
If any of these side effects become severe, or if you notice effects not listed above, tell your doctor, pharmacist, or nurse. Reporting suspected side effects helps ensure continuous monitoring of the benefit-risk balance of medicines.
How Should Kyntheum Be Stored?
Proper storage of Kyntheum is essential to ensure the medicine remains safe and effective. Follow these guidelines carefully:
- Keep out of sight and reach of children. Store Kyntheum in a location that children cannot access.
- Refrigerate: Store the pre-filled syringe in a refrigerator at 2°C to 8°C (36°F to 46°F). Keep the syringe in its original carton to protect from light.
- Do not freeze: Never place Kyntheum in a freezer. If the medicine has been accidentally frozen, do not use it — discard it and use a new syringe.
- Room temperature storage: If needed, Kyntheum can be stored at room temperature (up to 25°C / 77°F) in its original carton for a single period of up to 14 days. Discard any unused Kyntheum that has been stored at room temperature for longer than 14 days, even if it has been returned to the refrigerator.
- Do not use after the expiry date: Check the expiry date (EXP) on the outer carton and on the pre-filled syringe label. The expiry date refers to the last day of that month.
- Inspect before use: Do not use the medicine if the solution is cloudy, discolored, or contains lumps, flakes, or particles. The solution should appear clear to slightly opalescent and colorless to slightly yellow.
- Protect from physical damage: Do not use a pre-filled syringe that has been dropped on a hard surface, as it may be damaged even if no visible damage is apparent.
Do not dispose of medicines via household waste or wastewater. Ask your pharmacist how to dispose of medicines you no longer use. These measures help protect the environment.
What Does Kyntheum Contain?
Active Substance
The active substance in Kyntheum is brodalumab. Each pre-filled syringe contains 210 mg of brodalumab dissolved in 1.5 mL of solution, providing a concentration of 140 mg/mL. Brodalumab is a fully human immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2) monoclonal antibody produced in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells by recombinant DNA technology. It has a molecular weight of approximately 147 kDa and binds specifically to interleukin-17 receptor A (IL-17RA).
Inactive Ingredients (Excipients)
The other ingredients (excipients) in Kyntheum are:
- Proline: An amino acid used as a stabilizer to maintain protein structure during storage.
- Glutamate: An amino acid serving as a buffering agent to maintain the optimal pH of the solution.
- Polysorbate 20: A surfactant that prevents protein aggregation and helps maintain the stability of the antibody in solution.
- Water for injections: The solvent used to dissolve the active and inactive ingredients.
Appearance
Kyntheum is a solution for injection presented as a clear to slightly opalescent, colorless to slightly yellow liquid, free from visible particles. It comes in a single-use pre-filled glass syringe with a stainless steel needle and a needle shield. The needle shield contains dry natural rubber (a derivative of latex), which may cause allergic reactions in individuals sensitive to latex.
Pack Sizes
Kyntheum is available in packs containing 2 pre-filled syringes and in multipacks of 3 cartons, each containing 2 pre-filled syringes (6 syringes total). Not all pack sizes may be marketed in all countries.
Marketing Authorization Holder and Manufacturer
The marketing authorization for Kyntheum in Europe is held by LEO Pharma A/S, headquartered in Ballerup, Denmark. The medicine is manufactured by Laboratoires LEO in Vernouillet, France. In the United States, brodalumab is marketed under the brand name Siliq by Bausch Health (formerly Valeant Pharmaceuticals). The active substance brodalumab was originally developed by Amgen before licensing rights were transferred for commercialization.
Frequently Asked Questions About Kyntheum
Kyntheum (brodalumab) is used to treat moderate to severe plaque psoriasis in adults who are candidates for systemic therapy. It is typically prescribed when the disease affects large areas of the body and when other treatments, such as topical therapies or conventional systemics, have been insufficient. Kyntheum works by blocking the IL-17 receptor A, interrupting a key inflammatory pathway that drives the formation of psoriatic plaques.
Many patients begin to see improvement within 2 to 4 weeks of starting Kyntheum. In the AMAGINE clinical trials, significant skin clearance was documented by week 12, with approximately 44% of patients achieving PASI 100 (complete skin clearance). Maximum benefit is typically observed between weeks 12 and 24, and responses can improve further with continued treatment.
Yes, after receiving proper training from your healthcare provider on how to prepare and administer the injection correctly, you or a trained caregiver can give Kyntheum injections at home. The medicine comes in a pre-filled syringe designed for subcutaneous self-injection. Common injection sites include the thigh, abdomen, or the outer upper arm (when administered by a caregiver). Never attempt to inject until you have been shown the correct technique.
Kyntheum is contraindicated in patients with active Crohn’s disease. Patients with a history of inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis), even if currently inactive, should discuss this with their doctor before starting treatment. IL-17 inhibitors have been associated with new-onset or worsening inflammatory bowel disease. If you develop abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, or blood in your stool while taking Kyntheum, stop the medication and contact your doctor immediately.
If you miss a dose of Kyntheum, inject the next dose as soon as you remember. Then contact your doctor to discuss when to schedule your next injection. Do not take a double dose to make up for the missed one. Maintaining a consistent injection schedule is important for the best treatment outcomes, so try to set reminders or keep a dosing calendar to help you stay on track.
Kyntheum (brodalumab) is an IL-17 receptor blocker, which gives it a unique mechanism compared to IL-17A inhibitors (secukinumab, ixekizumab), IL-23 inhibitors (guselkumab, risankizumab), and TNF inhibitors (adalimumab, etanercept). In head-to-head comparisons from the AMAGINE trials, brodalumab demonstrated superior PASI 75 and PASI 100 responses compared to ustekinumab (an IL-12/23 inhibitor). Network meta-analyses suggest brodalumab achieves among the highest rates of complete skin clearance (PASI 100) of all currently available biologics for psoriasis. The choice of biologic depends on individual patient factors, including comorbidities, prior treatment history, and patient preferences.
References
- European Medicines Agency (EMA). Kyntheum (brodalumab) — Summary of Product Characteristics. Last updated 2025. Available at: ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/kyntheum
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Siliq (brodalumab) — Prescribing Information. Last updated 2024. Available at: accessdata.fda.gov
- Lebwohl M, Strober B, Menter A, et al. Phase 3 Studies Comparing Brodalumab with Ustekinumab in Psoriasis. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(14):1318-1328. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1503824
- Papp KA, Reich K, Paul C, et al. A prospective phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of brodalumab in patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 2016;175(2):273-286. doi:10.1111/bjd.14493
- Menter A, Strober BE, Kaplan DH, et al. Joint AAD-NPF Guidelines of Care for the Management and Treatment of Psoriasis with Biologics. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;80(4):1029-1072. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2018.11.057
- Smith CH, Jabbar-Lopez ZK, Yiu ZZN, et al. British Association of Dermatologists guidelines for biologic therapy for psoriasis 2020: a rapid update. Br J Dermatol. 2020;183(4):628-637. doi:10.1111/bjd.19039
- World Health Organization (WHO). Model List of Essential Medicines — 23rd List. 2023. Available at: who.int
- Armstrong AW, Puig L, Joshi A, et al. Comparison of Biologics and Oral Treatments for Plaque Psoriasis: A Meta-Analysis. JAMA Dermatol. 2020;156(3):258-269. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2019.4029
- Nakamura M, Lee K, Jeon C, et al. Brodalumab: An Evidence-Based Review of Its Potential in the Treatment of Moderate-to-Severe Psoriasis. Core Evid. 2018;13:11-22. doi:10.2147/CE.S131846
- Farahnik B, Beroukhim K, Nakamura M, et al. Anti-IL-17 Agents for Psoriasis: A Review of Phase III Data. J Drugs Dermatol. 2016;15(3):311-316.
Editorial Team
Medical Content
iMedic Dermatology & Pharmacology Editorial Team — Board-certified specialists in dermatology and clinical pharmacology with expertise in biologic therapies for inflammatory skin diseases.
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iMedic Medical Review Board — Independent review panel following WHO, EMA, FDA, and AAD-NPF guidelines. All content verified against current Summary of Product Characteristics and prescribing information.
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Content based on Level 1A evidence from systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and randomized controlled trials (AMAGINE-1, AMAGINE-2, AMAGINE-3). GRADE evidence framework applied throughout.
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