Kerendia: Uses, Dosage & Side Effects
A nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) for the treatment of chronic kidney disease associated with type 2 diabetes
Kerendia (finerenone) is a prescription medication belonging to the class of nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs). It is approved for the treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) with albuminuria in adults with type 2 diabetes. By selectively blocking mineralocorticoid receptors, Kerendia helps slow kidney disease progression and reduces the risk of serious cardiovascular events. This evidence-based guide covers its uses, dosage, side effects, drug interactions, and important safety information.
Quick Facts
Key Takeaways
- Kerendia (finerenone) is the first nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist approved for slowing CKD progression in adults with type 2 diabetes.
- Regular blood tests for potassium levels and kidney function are essential before starting and during treatment, particularly at 4 weeks and after dose changes.
- The most common side effect is hyperkalemia (high potassium), occurring in more than 1 in 10 patients — report any muscle weakness, fatigue, or numbness promptly.
- Strong CYP3A4 inhibitors (e.g., ketoconazole, itraconazole, ritonavir, clarithromycin) and grapefruit must be avoided during treatment.
- Landmark clinical trials (FIDELIO-DKD and FIGARO-DKD) demonstrated significant kidney and cardiovascular benefits in over 13,000 patients.
What Is Kerendia and What Is It Used For?
Kerendia contains the active substance finerenone, which belongs to a new class of medicines called nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs). Unlike older MRAs such as spironolactone and eplerenone, which have a steroidal structure, finerenone was specifically designed to selectively block mineralocorticoid receptors without significantly affecting other steroid hormone receptors. This selectivity translates into fewer hormonal side effects while maintaining therapeutic efficacy.
The medicine works by blocking the overactivation of mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) by aldosterone and cortisol. In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and type 2 diabetes, excessive MR activation drives inflammatory and fibrotic (scarring) processes in both the kidneys and the cardiovascular system. By inhibiting these pathways, finerenone helps protect the kidneys from further damage and reduces the risk of serious cardiovascular events, including heart attack and hospitalization for heart failure.
Kerendia is specifically indicated for the treatment of adults with chronic kidney disease (characterized by abnormal levels of the protein albumin in the urine, a condition known as albuminuria) associated with type 2 diabetes. Chronic kidney disease is a long-term condition in which the kidneys gradually lose their ability to filter waste products and excess fluid from the blood efficiently. When CKD occurs alongside type 2 diabetes, the combination accelerates kidney damage and significantly increases cardiovascular risk.
Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic condition in which the body either does not produce enough insulin or cannot use insulin effectively, leading to chronically elevated blood sugar levels. Over time, high blood sugar damages the small blood vessels in the kidneys (a process called diabetic nephropathy), which is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide. Kerendia addresses the inflammatory and fibrotic consequences of this damage at the receptor level, providing an additional layer of kidney and heart protection beyond standard treatments such as ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs).
Finerenone is a nonsteroidal MRA with a more balanced distribution between the kidneys and the heart compared to steroidal MRAs. Spironolactone distributes predominantly to the kidneys, while eplerenone favors the heart. Finerenone offers roughly equal exposure to both organs. Additionally, because it has no clinically relevant affinity for androgen, progesterone, estrogen, or glucocorticoid receptors, it carries a significantly lower risk of hormonal side effects such as gynecomastia, breast tenderness, or menstrual irregularities.
What Should You Know Before Taking Kerendia?
Before prescribing Kerendia, your healthcare provider will perform a thorough evaluation of your medical history, current medications, and laboratory values. Understanding the contraindications, warnings, and precautions associated with finerenone is essential for safe and effective treatment. The information below covers the most important considerations.
Contraindications
You must not take Kerendia if any of the following apply to you:
- Allergy to finerenone or any of the other ingredients — including lactose monohydrate, microcrystalline cellulose, croscarmellose sodium, hypromellose 2910, magnesium stearate, sodium laurilsulfate, and film-coating components.
- Concomitant use of strong CYP3A4 inhibitors — these drugs significantly increase finerenone blood levels and raise the risk of dangerous side effects. Strong CYP3A4 inhibitors include:
- Itraconazole and ketoconazole (antifungal agents)
- Ritonavir, nelfinavir, and cobicistat (HIV protease inhibitors)
- Clarithromycin and telithromycin (macrolide antibiotics)
- Nefazodone (antidepressant)
- Addison's disease (primary adrenal insufficiency) — a condition in which the adrenal glands do not produce adequate amounts of cortisol and aldosterone.
Taking Kerendia together with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors is an absolute contraindication. These drugs dramatically increase finerenone exposure in the body, which can lead to life-threatening hyperkalemia. Always inform your doctor and pharmacist about all medications you are taking before starting Kerendia.
Warnings and Precautions
Talk to your doctor or pharmacist before taking Kerendia if any of the following conditions apply to you:
- History of high potassium levels (hyperkalemia) — Kerendia can further elevate potassium, and patients with a prior history are at higher risk.
- Severely impaired kidney function or kidney failure — finerenone is not recommended in patients with very severe kidney impairment (eGFR below 25 mL/min/1.73 m² at initiation) as clinical data in this population are limited.
- Moderate or severe liver problems — finerenone is extensively metabolized by the liver, and impaired hepatic function can affect drug levels. Kerendia is not recommended in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh C).
- Heart failure (mild, moderate, or severe) — while Kerendia reduces the risk of heart failure hospitalization, patients with pre-existing heart failure should be monitored closely, as there is limited specific data for this population.
Blood Tests and Monitoring
Blood tests are a mandatory component of treatment with Kerendia. Your doctor will check your serum potassium levels and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), which measures how well your kidneys filter blood. The monitoring schedule is as follows:
- Before starting treatment — baseline potassium and eGFR must be within acceptable ranges. Kerendia should not be initiated if serum potassium exceeds 5.0 mmol/L.
- 4 weeks after initiation — blood tests are repeated to assess early response and detect hyperkalemia.
- Periodically thereafter — your doctor will schedule regular monitoring, especially after dose changes or when you start other medications that may affect potassium levels.
Based on these blood test results, your doctor will decide whether to continue, adjust the dose, or temporarily or permanently discontinue Kerendia. The potassium level is the primary safety parameter guiding all dosing decisions.
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
If you are pregnant, breastfeeding, think you may be pregnant, or are planning to have a baby, ask your doctor or pharmacist for advice before taking this medicine.
Pregnancy: You should not take Kerendia during pregnancy unless your doctor has determined that it is absolutely necessary. There may be a risk to the unborn baby based on the drug's mechanism of action. If you are of childbearing potential, you should use effective contraception during treatment. Your doctor will discuss the appropriate contraceptive methods with you.
Breastfeeding: You should not breastfeed while taking Kerendia, as the drug or its metabolites may pass into breast milk and potentially harm the nursing infant. A decision must be made whether to discontinue breastfeeding or to discontinue Kerendia, taking into account the benefit of the drug to the mother.
Children and Adolescents
Kerendia is not approved for use in children and adolescents under 18 years of age. The safety and efficacy of finerenone have not been established in pediatric populations, and no clinical data are available to support its use in this age group.
Kerendia tablets contain lactose monohydrate. If you have been told by your doctor that you have an intolerance to some sugars, contact your doctor before taking this medicine. The sodium content is negligible (less than 1 mmol per tablet), making it essentially sodium-free.
How Does Kerendia Interact with Other Drugs?
Drug interactions are a critical consideration with Kerendia because finerenone is primarily metabolized by the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP3A4, with minor contribution from CYP2C8. Drugs that inhibit or induce these enzymes can significantly alter finerenone blood levels, potentially leading to increased toxicity or reduced efficacy. Additionally, because Kerendia can raise potassium levels, combining it with other potassium-elevating medications requires careful monitoring.
Always inform your healthcare provider about all medications, supplements, and herbal products you are taking or planning to take. Your doctor may need to perform additional blood tests to determine whether it is safe to combine Kerendia with your other medications.
Major Interactions (Contraindicated or Avoid)
| Drug/Class | Type | Effect | Action |
|---|---|---|---|
| Itraconazole, Ketoconazole | Strong CYP3A4 inhibitor | Markedly increases finerenone levels | Contraindicated — do not use together |
| Ritonavir, Nelfinavir, Cobicistat | Strong CYP3A4 inhibitor | Markedly increases finerenone levels | Contraindicated — do not use together |
| Clarithromycin, Telithromycin | Strong CYP3A4 inhibitor | Markedly increases finerenone levels | Contraindicated — do not use together |
| Nefazodone | Strong CYP3A4 inhibitor | Markedly increases finerenone levels | Contraindicated — do not use together |
| Spironolactone, Eplerenone, Esaxerenone, Canrenone | Other MRAs | Additive potassium-raising effect | Avoid — risk of severe hyperkalemia |
| Grapefruit / Grapefruit juice | CYP3A4 inhibitor (dietary) | Increases finerenone blood levels | Avoid completely during treatment |
Moderate Interactions (Use with Caution)
| Drug/Class | Type | Effect | Action |
|---|---|---|---|
| Erythromycin | Moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor | Moderately increases finerenone levels | May require dose adjustment; monitor potassium |
| Verapamil | Moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor | Moderately increases finerenone levels | May require dose adjustment; monitor potassium |
| Fluvoxamine | Moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor | Moderately increases finerenone levels | May require dose adjustment; monitor potassium |
| Amiloride, Triamterene | Potassium-sparing diuretics | Additive potassium-raising effect | Monitor potassium closely |
| Trimethoprim, Co-trimoxazole | Potassium-elevating antibiotic | Can increase potassium levels | Monitor potassium closely |
| Potassium supplements, salt substitutes | Direct potassium source | Additive potassium-raising effect | Avoid or use with extreme caution |
| Rifampicin | Strong CYP3A4 inducer | Significantly reduces finerenone levels | Avoid — may render Kerendia ineffective |
| Carbamazepine, Phenytoin, Phenobarbital | CYP3A4 inducers | Reduces finerenone levels | Avoid — may reduce therapeutic effect |
| St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) | Herbal CYP3A4 inducer | Reduces finerenone levels | Avoid — may reduce therapeutic effect |
| Efavirenz | Moderate CYP3A4 inducer | Reduces finerenone levels | Use with caution; monitor clinical response |
If you are taking multiple blood pressure-lowering medications, your doctor may need to monitor your blood pressure more frequently, as Kerendia can cause additional blood pressure reduction. This is particularly important in patients who are already receiving ACE inhibitors, ARBs, or other antihypertensive agents.
What Is the Correct Dosage of Kerendia?
Always take Kerendia exactly as your doctor or pharmacist has told you. If you are not sure, check with your doctor or pharmacist. The dosage of Kerendia is individualized based on your kidney function (measured by eGFR) and serum potassium levels, and it requires regular laboratory monitoring to ensure safety.
Adults
Starting Dose
Your starting dose is determined by your eGFR at treatment initiation:
- eGFR ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m²: Start with 20 mg once daily
- eGFR 25–59 mL/min/1.73 m²: Start with 10 mg once daily
- eGFR <25 mL/min/1.73 m²: Treatment initiation is not recommended
Dose Titration at 4 Weeks
After 4 weeks of treatment, your doctor will recheck your potassium and eGFR to guide dosing:
- Potassium ≤4.8 mmol/L: Target dose of 20 mg once daily (or increase from 10 mg to 20 mg)
- Potassium >4.8 to 5.5 mmol/L: Maintain current dose
- Potassium >5.5 mmol/L: Temporarily withhold treatment; restart at 10 mg once the potassium falls to ≤5.0 mmol/L
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²) | Starting Dose | Target Dose | Monitoring |
|---|---|---|---|
| ≥60 | 20 mg once daily | 20 mg once daily | Potassium + eGFR at 4 weeks, then periodically |
| 25–59 | 10 mg once daily | 20 mg once daily | Potassium + eGFR at 4 weeks, then periodically |
| <25 | Not recommended to initiate | N/A | N/A |
How to Take Kerendia
Take Kerendia by mouth at the same time each day to help you remember. Swallow the tablet whole with a glass of water. You can take it with or without food. Do not take it with grapefruit juice or grapefruit (see the drug interactions section for details).
If you cannot swallow the tablet whole, you may crush it and mix it with water or soft food such as applesauce. Take the mixture immediately — do not store it for later use.
Children and Adolescents
Kerendia is not approved for use in patients under 18 years of age. No pediatric dosing recommendations are available.
Elderly Patients
No age-related dose adjustment is required for elderly patients. However, because older adults are more likely to have reduced kidney function and take multiple medications, careful monitoring of potassium and eGFR is especially important in this population.
Missed Dose
If you miss a dose at your usual time, take the tablet as soon as you remember on the same day. If you forget entirely for a whole day, simply take the next tablet at your usual time the next day. Do not take a double dose to make up for a forgotten tablet.
Overdose
If you think you have taken too much Kerendia, contact your doctor or pharmacist immediately. The primary concern with overdose is the risk of severe hyperkalemia. No specific antidote exists; treatment is supportive and focused on normalizing potassium levels. Due to finerenone's high protein binding (approximately 92%), hemodialysis is unlikely to be effective in removing the drug from the body.
Do not stop taking Kerendia unless your doctor has told you to do so. Your doctor may decide to adjust or discontinue treatment based on blood test results. Stopping abruptly is not expected to cause withdrawal effects, but it removes the kidney and cardiovascular protection the drug provides.
What Are the Side Effects of Kerendia?
Like all medicines, Kerendia can cause side effects, although not everybody gets them. The side effects listed below are based on clinical trial data from the FIDELIO-DKD and FIGARO-DKD studies involving over 13,000 patients, as well as post-marketing surveillance data. Understanding the frequency and nature of side effects helps you recognize potential problems early and discuss them with your healthcare provider.
Very Common
May affect more than 1 in 10 people
- Hyperkalemia (high potassium levels in the blood) — signs may include muscle weakness or fatigue, nausea, numbness in hands and lips, muscle cramps, and slow heart rate. This is the most clinically significant side effect and requires regular blood monitoring.
Common
May affect up to 1 in 10 people
- Hypotension (low blood pressure) — signs may include dizziness, lightheadedness, or fainting, particularly when standing up quickly
- Hyponatremia (low sodium levels) — signs may include nausea, fatigue, headache, confusion, muscle weakness, or cramps
- Decreased glomerular filtration rate (reduced kidney filtration) — usually detected through blood tests; an initial decline in eGFR is expected and often stabilizes
- Hyperuricemia (high uric acid levels) — detected on blood tests; may increase gout risk in susceptible individuals
- Pruritus (itching) — generalized itching without visible rash in some patients
Uncommon
May affect up to 1 in 100 people
- Decreased hemoglobin — a reduction in the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen; usually mild and detected on blood tests
The initial decrease in eGFR observed with Kerendia is a recognized pharmacological effect of MRA therapy and is typically transient. In the FIDELIO-DKD and FIGARO-DKD clinical trials, the initial eGFR dip was followed by a slower rate of decline compared to placebo over the long term, indicating that the drug is in fact preserving kidney function despite the early numerical decrease.
Hyperkalemia, the most common and clinically important side effect, was generally manageable in clinical trials. In the FIDELIO-DKD study, hyperkalemia leading to permanent treatment discontinuation occurred in approximately 2.3% of patients receiving finerenone compared to 0.9% on placebo. Hospitalization for hyperkalemia was infrequent (1.4% vs. 0.3%), and there were no fatal hyperkalemia events in the finerenone group.
Contact your doctor immediately if you experience symptoms of severe hyperkalemia such as significant muscle weakness, difficulty breathing, irregular or very slow heartbeat, chest pain, or severe nausea. These symptoms may indicate dangerously high potassium levels that require urgent medical treatment.
If you experience any side effects, talk to your doctor or pharmacist. This includes any possible side effects not listed above. You can also report side effects directly to your national pharmacovigilance authority. By reporting side effects, you help provide more information on the safety of this medicine.
How Should You Store Kerendia?
Keep Kerendia out of sight and reach of children at all times. Do not use this medicine after the expiry date stated on the blister, bottle label, and carton after "EXP." The expiry date refers to the last day of the stated month.
No special storage conditions are required for Kerendia. Store it at room temperature, protected from excessive moisture and direct sunlight. Do not transfer the tablets to a different container unless it provides equivalent protection.
Do not dispose of medications by flushing them down the toilet or throwing them into household waste. Ask your pharmacist how to properly dispose of medicines you no longer use. These measures help protect the environment and prevent accidental exposure.
What Does Kerendia Contain?
The active substance in Kerendia is finerenone. Each film-coated tablet is available in two strengths:
- Kerendia 10 mg: Each tablet contains 10 mg finerenone
- Kerendia 20 mg: Each tablet contains 20 mg finerenone
Inactive Ingredients
Tablet core: Microcrystalline cellulose, croscarmellose sodium, hypromellose 2910, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, sodium laurilsulfate.
Film coating: Hypromellose 2910, titanium dioxide, talc, red iron oxide (E 172 — in 10 mg tablets only), yellow iron oxide (E 172 — in 20 mg tablets only).
Appearance and Pack Sizes
10 mg tablets: Pink, oval, oblong, 10 mm long and 5 mm wide, debossed with "10" on one side and "FI" on the other.
20 mg tablets: Yellow, oval, oblong, 10 mm long and 5 mm wide, debossed with "20" on one side and "FI" on the other.
Kerendia is available in packs containing 14, 28, or 98 film-coated tablets in transparent calendar blisters; 100 × 1 film-coated tablets in transparent perforated unit-dose blisters; or 100 film-coated tablets in a plastic bottle. Not all pack sizes may be marketed in all countries.
What Clinical Evidence Supports Using Kerendia?
Kerendia's approval was based on one of the most robust clinical development programs in nephrology. Two large-scale, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials provide the foundation of evidence for finerenone in CKD with type 2 diabetes:
FIDELIO-DKD Trial
The FIDELIO-DKD (Finerenone in Reducing Kidney Failure and Disease Progression in Diabetic Kidney Disease) trial enrolled 5,734 patients with CKD and type 2 diabetes who were already receiving optimized renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade. The primary composite endpoint was kidney failure, a sustained decrease of ≥40% in eGFR from baseline, or renal death.
Finerenone reduced the risk of the primary kidney composite endpoint by 18% compared to placebo (hazard ratio 0.82; 95% CI 0.73–0.93; p=0.001). The key secondary cardiovascular composite endpoint (cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure) was also significantly reduced by 14% (hazard ratio 0.86; 95% CI 0.75–0.99; p=0.034). Results were published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2020.
FIGARO-DKD Trial
The FIGARO-DKD (Finerenone in Reducing Cardiovascular Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease) trial enrolled 7,437 patients with a broader range of CKD severity (including those with earlier-stage CKD). The primary composite endpoint was cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure.
Finerenone significantly reduced the primary cardiovascular composite endpoint by 13% compared to placebo (hazard ratio 0.87; 95% CI 0.76–0.98; p=0.026), driven primarily by a 29% reduction in hospitalization for heart failure. The kidney composite endpoint also showed a favorable trend. Results were published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2021.
FIDELITY Pooled Analysis
The pre-specified FIDELITY pooled analysis combined data from both FIDELIO-DKD and FIGARO-DKD, totaling 13,171 patients with a median follow-up of 3 years. This analysis confirmed statistically significant reductions in both kidney and cardiovascular outcomes across a broad CKD population, establishing finerenone as a pillar of cardiorenal protection in patients with CKD and type 2 diabetes.
In both FIDELIO-DKD and FIGARO-DKD, more than 99% of patients were already receiving an ACE inhibitor or ARB at baseline, and approximately 7% were also taking an SGLT2 inhibitor. This means finerenone's benefits were demonstrated on top of guideline-directed renin-angiotensin system blockade, confirming additive cardiorenal protection.
Frequently Asked Questions About Kerendia
Kerendia (finerenone) is used to treat chronic kidney disease (with albuminuria) in adults with type 2 diabetes. It slows the progression of kidney disease and reduces the risk of cardiovascular events such as heart attack and hospitalization for heart failure. It is taken in addition to standard treatments like ACE inhibitors or ARBs, not as a replacement for them.
Kerendia (finerenone) is a nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, while spironolactone is a steroidal MRA. The key difference is that finerenone does not bind significantly to androgen, progesterone, or estrogen receptors, so it causes fewer hormonal side effects like gynecomastia (breast enlargement in men) and menstrual irregularities. Finerenone also has a more balanced distribution between the kidneys and heart. Additionally, Kerendia is specifically approved and studied for CKD with type 2 diabetes, while spironolactone is primarily used for heart failure, hypertension, and hyperaldosteronism.
Regular blood tests are essential because Kerendia can increase potassium levels (hyperkalemia), which at high levels can be dangerous and affect heart rhythm. Blood tests measure your serum potassium and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, a measure of kidney function). Your doctor will check these values before starting treatment, 4 weeks after starting or any dose change, and periodically thereafter. These results guide dosing decisions and help catch any problems early.
No, you should avoid grapefruit and grapefruit juice entirely while taking Kerendia. Grapefruit contains compounds that inhibit the CYP3A4 enzyme in your liver, which is the primary enzyme responsible for breaking down finerenone. Consuming grapefruit can significantly increase finerenone blood levels, raising the risk of hyperkalemia and other side effects. This applies to fresh grapefruit, grapefruit juice, and grapefruit-containing products.
Yes, current evidence supports using Kerendia alongside SGLT2 inhibitors (such as dapagliflozin or empagliflozin). In the FIDELITY pooled analysis, approximately 7% of patients were taking an SGLT2 inhibitor at baseline, and finerenone's benefits were consistent in this subgroup. SGLT2 inhibitors may actually help mitigate the risk of hyperkalemia by promoting potassium excretion through the kidneys. Current KDIGO and ADA guidelines recommend considering both drug classes as part of comprehensive cardiorenal protection in patients with CKD and type 2 diabetes.
Kerendia should not be used during pregnancy unless clearly necessary and recommended by your doctor, as there may be a risk to the unborn baby. Women of childbearing potential should use reliable contraception throughout the treatment period. Similarly, breastfeeding is not recommended while taking Kerendia, as the drug or its metabolites may be present in breast milk and could potentially harm the nursing infant. Discuss your family planning intentions with your doctor before starting treatment.
References
- European Medicines Agency (EMA). Kerendia (finerenone) — Summary of Product Characteristics. Last updated 2025.
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Kerendia (finerenone) Prescribing Information. Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc. Revised 2024.
- Bakris GL, Agarwal R, Anker SD, et al. Effect of Finerenone on Chronic Kidney Disease Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(23):2219-2229. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2025845
- Pitt B, Filippatos G, Agarwal R, et al. Cardiovascular Events with Finerenone in Kidney Disease and Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(24):2252-2263. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2110956
- Agarwal R, Filippatos G, Pitt B, et al. Cardiovascular and kidney outcomes with finerenone in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease: the FIDELITY pooled analysis. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(6):474-484. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab777
- Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). KDIGO 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int. 2024;105(4S):S1-S303.
- American Diabetes Association (ADA). Standards of Care in Diabetes — 2025. Diabetes Care. 2025;48(Suppl 1):S1-S352.
- Kolkhof P, Barfacker L. 30 years of the mineralocorticoid receptor: Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists: 60 years of research and development. J Endocrinol. 2017;234(1):T125-T140. doi:10.1530/JOE-16-0600
- Agarwal R, Kolkhof P, Bakris G, et al. Steroidal and non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in cardiorenal medicine. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(2):152-161. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa736
- World Health Organization (WHO). Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology. ATC/DDD Index 2025. ATC code C03DA05.
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