Iomeron
Non-ionic Iodinated Contrast Medium for Diagnostic Imaging
Quick Facts About Iomeron
Key Takeaways About Iomeron
- Hospital-administered contrast agent: Iomeron is given by injection in a clinical setting before diagnostic imaging; you will not self-administer this medication
- Iodine-based visibility enhancer: The iodine atoms in iomeprol absorb X-rays, making blood vessels and organs clearly visible on CT scans and X-ray images
- Kidney function matters: Iomeron is eliminated through the kidneys, so your doctor will check your renal function before administration, especially if you have diabetes or pre-existing kidney disease
- Allergy risk exists: Allergic-like reactions can occur, ranging from mild skin reactions to rare but serious anaphylaxis; always inform your doctor of previous contrast reactions
- Thyroid effects possible: Iodinated contrast media can affect thyroid function; patients with thyroid conditions should be closely monitored before and after the procedure
What Is Iomeron and What Is It Used For?
Iomeron is a non-ionic iodinated contrast medium (also known as a contrast dye or contrast agent) that contains the active substance iomeprol. It is injected into the body before X-ray or CT scan procedures to make blood vessels and internal organs more clearly visible on the resulting images. Iomeron is used solely for diagnostic purposes and is not a treatment for any medical condition.
Contrast media are essential tools in modern diagnostic radiology. When X-rays pass through the body, different tissues absorb them to varying degrees, creating an image. However, many soft tissues and blood vessels absorb X-rays at similar rates, making them difficult to distinguish from one another. Iomeron solves this problem by introducing iodine atoms into the bloodstream or body cavity being examined. Iodine has a high atomic number (Z=53) and absorbs X-rays very effectively, creating a stark contrast between the iodine-containing areas and the surrounding tissues.
Iomeron belongs to the class of non-ionic, monomeric, low-osmolality contrast media. The term "non-ionic" means the iomeprol molecule does not dissociate into charged particles (ions) in solution, which is a significant advantage over older ionic contrast media. Non-ionic contrast agents cause fewer adverse reactions because they have lower osmolality (closer to that of blood) and do not introduce excess charged particles that can irritate blood vessels and tissues.
Iomeron is used in a wide range of diagnostic imaging procedures, including:
- CT angiography and conventional angiography – imaging of arteries and veins throughout the body, including coronary, cerebral, and peripheral vessels
- Contrast-enhanced CT scans – improved visualisation of organs such as the liver, kidneys, pancreas, and brain
- Urography – imaging of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder
- Myelography – imaging of the spinal canal after injection into the cerebrospinal fluid
- Arthrography – imaging of joint spaces
- Hysterosalpingography – imaging of the uterus and fallopian tubes
- Various body cavity examinations – including fistulography and examination of the pancreatic duct
Iomeron is manufactured by Bracco Imaging SpA, an Italian pharmaceutical company that is one of the world's leading producers of diagnostic imaging agents. The product is widely used in hospitals and imaging centres across Europe and many other countries worldwide. Iomeprol was developed as a second-generation non-ionic contrast agent with particularly favourable physicochemical properties, including low osmolality and low viscosity at body temperature.
What Should You Know Before Receiving Iomeron?
Before receiving Iomeron, your doctor will assess your medical history, kidney function, thyroid status, and any previous reactions to contrast media. Certain conditions, including severe thyroid disease and known allergy to iomeprol, are absolute contraindications to receiving this medication.
Contraindications
You should not receive Iomeron if any of the following apply:
- Allergy to iomeprol or any of the other ingredients in Iomeron – if you have had a previous severe allergic reaction to an iodinated contrast agent, your doctor must be informed
- Manifest hyperthyroidism (an overactive thyroid gland producing excess thyroid hormones) – iodinated contrast media can exacerbate thyroid overactivity by providing a large iodine load
In addition, repeated intrathecal injection (injection into the spinal canal) should not be performed immediately after an initial procedure.
Warnings and Precautions
Tell your doctor or nurse before receiving Iomeron if you have or have had any of the following conditions, as special precautions may be needed:
- Allergy or asthma – patients with a history of allergies (including hay fever, hives, or food allergies) or asthma are at increased risk of allergic-like reactions to contrast media
- Previous reaction to contrast media – a prior adverse reaction to any iodinated contrast agent significantly increases the risk of a repeat reaction. Your doctor may administer premedication (corticosteroids and antihistamines) or choose an alternative imaging method
- Previous severe skin reactions – if you have ever experienced severe skin rash, blistering, or mouth sores after receiving iodinated contrast media
- Kidney or liver disease – impaired kidney function increases the risk of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN). Your doctor will assess your estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and ensure adequate hydration before and after the procedure
- Diabetes – particularly if you are taking metformin, which may need to be temporarily discontinued (see Drug Interactions section)
- Heart disease – including heart failure, coronary artery disease, or recent myocardial infarction, as the contrast agent can temporarily affect cardiac function
- Sickle cell disease – iodinated contrast media can promote sickling of red blood cells in patients with sickle cell anaemia
- Thyroid conditions – both overactive (hyperthyroidism) and enlarged thyroid (goitre) require evaluation, as the iodine load from contrast media can trigger thyroid storm or worsen thyroid dysfunction
- Myasthenia gravis – a neuromuscular disorder that may be exacerbated by contrast agents
- Epilepsy or other seizure disorders – contrast media may lower the seizure threshold
- Phaeochromocytoma – a rare tumour of the adrenal gland that can cause dangerous spikes in blood pressure during contrast administration
- Multiple myeloma or Waldenström's macroglobulinaemia – abnormal blood proteins can increase the risk of kidney injury from contrast media
- Alcoholism or drug dependence – these conditions may increase susceptibility to adverse reactions
- Significant anxiety or pain – these can increase the likelihood of reactions and should be managed before the procedure
During or shortly after the imaging procedure, a temporary brain disturbance called contrast-induced encephalopathy may rarely occur. Symptoms can include headache, visual disturbances, confusion, seizures, or loss of consciousness. Tell your doctor immediately if you experience any of these symptoms.
Careful attention to fluid and electrolyte balance is particularly important in infants, young children, and elderly patients before and after contrast administration. These groups may be more susceptible to adverse effects, including kidney injury and thyroid dysfunction. In newborns and infants under 3 years of age, transient hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) may occur following iodinated contrast exposure. Thyroid function monitoring may be recommended.
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
Experience with Iomeron during pregnancy is limited. If you are pregnant, think you may be pregnant, or are planning a pregnancy, inform your doctor before the procedure. Iomeron will only be administered during pregnancy if your doctor determines that the expected diagnostic benefit clearly outweighs the potential risk to both you and the developing baby.
Iodinated contrast agents can cross the placenta and may temporarily affect the newborn's thyroid function. If you receive Iomeron during pregnancy, monitoring of your baby's thyroid function after birth is recommended by current guidelines.
Iomeron passes into breast milk in small amounts but is considered unlikely to have any effect on the nursing infant at diagnostic doses. According to current guidelines from the European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR) and the American College of Radiology (ACR), it is not necessary to stop breastfeeding after receiving iodinated contrast media. However, if you have concerns, discuss them with your doctor.
Driving and Operating Machinery
There is no known direct effect of Iomeron on the ability to drive or operate machinery. However, some patients may experience transient dizziness, visual disturbances, or other neurological effects after the procedure. You should assess your own condition before driving and consult your doctor if you experience any symptoms that could impair your ability to drive safely.
How Does Iomeron Interact with Other Drugs?
Iomeron can interact with several medications, most notably metformin (a diabetes treatment), beta-blockers, neuroleptics, and certain immunomodulatory drugs. Always inform your doctor about all medications you are currently taking before receiving Iomeron.
Although Iomeron is not metabolised in the body and is excreted unchanged through the kidneys, it can interact with other medications through indirect mechanisms. The following tables summarise the most clinically important drug interactions that your medical team should be aware of.
Major Interactions
| Drug | Category | Effect | Recommendation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Metformin | Diabetes (biguanide) | Risk of lactic acidosis if contrast-induced kidney impairment reduces metformin clearance | Check kidney function before and 48 hours after; in patients with eGFR <30, withhold metformin and reassess |
| Beta-blockers | Antihypertensives | May mask early signs of contrast reactions and reduce effectiveness of adrenaline treatment for anaphylaxis | Monitor closely; ensure emergency medications are readily available |
| Interleukin-2 | Immunomodulator (cancer therapy) | Increased risk of delayed contrast reactions (skin rashes, fever, flu-like symptoms) | Use with caution; consider premedication and extended observation |
| Interferon | Immunomodulator | May increase the risk of adverse contrast reactions | Use with caution; inform radiologist of current therapy |
Moderate Interactions
| Drug | Category | Effect | Recommendation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neuroleptics | Antipsychotics | May lower the seizure threshold, increasing the risk of contrast-related seizures | Exercise caution, especially with intrathecal administration |
| Tricyclic antidepressants | Antidepressants | May lower the seizure threshold | Exercise caution, especially with intrathecal administration |
| Nephrotoxic drugs (e.g. aminoglycosides, NSAIDs, ciclosporin) | Various | Additive risk of kidney injury when combined with iodinated contrast | Ensure adequate hydration; consider temporary discontinuation if possible |
| Thyroid medications (levothyroxine, carbimazole) | Thyroid therapy | Iodine load may interfere with thyroid function and affect medication requirements | Monitor thyroid function post-procedure; dose adjustments may be needed |
Additionally, be aware that Iomeron may interfere with laboratory tests. Blood tests for iron, calcium, protein levels, and thyroid function may be affected for several days after contrast administration. Inform your doctor that you have recently received iodinated contrast media if any blood tests are being ordered.
Food and Drink
Unless your doctor gives you specific fasting instructions for your particular procedure, you can generally eat and drink as normal before receiving Iomeron. However, adequate hydration before and after the procedure is important to help your kidneys eliminate the contrast agent efficiently and reduce the risk of contrast-induced kidney injury. Your medical team will typically ensure that you are well hydrated before the procedure.
What Is the Correct Dosage of Iomeron?
Iomeron is always administered by qualified healthcare professionals in a hospital or clinical setting. The dose depends on the type of examination, the area of the body being imaged, your age, weight, and kidney function. You will not need to calculate or measure the dose yourself.
Iomeron is available in six different iodine concentrations (150, 200, 250, 300, 350, and 400 mg I/ml), allowing your medical team to select the most appropriate formulation for the specific imaging procedure. Higher concentrations are generally used for vascular imaging, while lower concentrations may be used for myelography or body cavity examinations.
Adults
Intravenous Administration (CT and Angiography)
The dose is given as a single injection or via a power injector, depending on the type of scan. The volume depends on the examination type and the concentration selected. Typical volumes range from 50–200 ml for CT scans. Your radiologist will determine the optimal dose based on the clinical indication, your body weight, and your kidney function.
Intra-arterial Administration
For conventional angiography (e.g. coronary, cerebral, or peripheral angiography), the contrast is injected directly into an artery. Doses vary considerably depending on the vascular territory being examined. The radiologist uses the minimum effective dose to achieve diagnostic image quality.
Intrathecal Administration (Myelography)
For myelography (imaging of the spinal canal), lower concentrations (typically 200–300 mg I/ml) are used, with injection volumes usually ranging from 5–15 ml. The patient is positioned carefully during and after injection to control the distribution of contrast within the spinal canal.
Body Cavity Examinations
For arthrography, hysterosalpingography, and other body cavity examinations, the dose and concentration are tailored to the specific procedure. The examining physician determines the appropriate volume.
Children
Iomeron can be used in paediatric patients. The dose is determined by the child's age, weight, and the type of examination. Children are generally more sensitive to the effects of contrast media, and particular attention is given to fluid balance and kidney function monitoring. Neonates and infants under 1 year of age require especially careful dosing and monitoring.
Elderly Patients
Elderly patients often have reduced kidney function, even when serum creatinine appears normal. Your doctor will assess your renal function using eGFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate) before administering Iomeron and will ensure adequate hydration. The dose may be adjusted accordingly, and post-procedural kidney function monitoring may be required.
Overdose
Since Iomeron is administered in a controlled clinical setting by healthcare professionals, overdose is uncommon. However, if an excessive dose is given, it may cause fluid and electrolyte imbalances, kidney injury, or cardiovascular effects. Treatment is supportive and symptomatic. In cases of severe overdose, haemodialysis can effectively remove iomeprol from the bloodstream, as the drug has very low protein binding. The hospital will have the equipment and expertise to manage any such situation.
Post-Procedure Monitoring
After receiving Iomeron, you will be kept under observation by medical staff. The observation period depends on the route of administration and the type of examination. Most allergic-like reactions to contrast media occur within the first 30 minutes after injection, though delayed reactions can occur up to 2–3 days later. You will be advised to drink plenty of fluids after the procedure to help your kidneys flush out the contrast agent.
What Are the Side Effects of Iomeron?
The most common side effect of Iomeron during intravenous injection is a transient sensation of warmth or heat. Other side effects can include nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, and skin reactions. Serious allergic reactions are rare but can be life-threatening. Your medical team is trained to recognise and treat all contrast reactions immediately.
Like all medicines, Iomeron can cause side effects, although not everybody experiences them. Most side effects are mild to moderate and resolve quickly. However, serious and potentially life-threatening reactions have been reported, including rare fatal outcomes. The nature and timing of side effects depend on the route of administration.
- Wheezing, difficulty breathing, or throat swelling
- Swelling of the eyelids, face, or lips
- Widespread skin rash, hives, or intense itching
- Severe skin reactions: blistering, skin peeling, or mouth sores (possible Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis)
- Widespread red, scaly rash with bumps under the skin and blisters, accompanied by fever (possible AGEP)
- Widespread rash, high body temperature, and enlarged lymph nodes (possible DRESS syndrome)
- Feeling faint, dizziness, or loss of consciousness
Side Effects During Intravenous or Intra-arterial Injection
Very Common
May affect more than 1 in 10 people
- Feeling of warmth or heat (transient, usually lasting seconds to minutes)
Common
May affect up to 1 in 10 people
- Sensation of warmth at the injection site
Uncommon
May affect up to 1 in 100 people
- Dizziness, headache
- Increased blood pressure
- Shortness of breath
- Nausea, vomiting
- Flushing, hives (urticaria), itching
- Chest pain, pain at the injection site
Rare
May affect up to 1 in 1,000 people
- Feeling faint, fainting
- Slow or fast heartbeat, extra heartbeats (palpitations)
- Low blood pressure
- Skin rash
- Back pain
- Weakness, stiffness, fever
- Elevated creatinine levels (indicating kidney stress)
Not Known
Frequency cannot be estimated from available data
- Severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) causing breathing difficulties or collapse
- Encephalopathy (brain disturbance) with headache, visual problems, confusion, seizures, or loss of consciousness
- Cardiac arrest, heart attack, heart failure, arrhythmias
- Circulatory collapse or shock
- Respiratory arrest, pulmonary oedema, bronchospasm
- Acute pancreatitis, difficulty swallowing
- Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis (severe skin reactions)
- Acute kidney injury
- Transient blindness, visual disturbances
- Coma, stroke, cerebral oedema, seizures, paralysis
- Thyroid dysfunction (hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism)
- Haemolytic anaemia, decreased platelets
Side Effects During Intrathecal Injection (Myelography)
Very Common
May affect more than 1 in 10 people
- Headache (the most frequent side effect after myelography)
Common
May affect up to 1 in 10 people
- Dizziness
- Increased blood pressure
- Nausea, vomiting
- Back pain, pain in the extremities
- Pain, discomfort, or warmth at the injection site
Uncommon
May affect up to 1 in 100 people
- Loss of consciousness, paralysis of the lower extremities
- Numbness, reduced sensation, drowsiness
- Low blood pressure, flushing
- Increased sweating, itching, skin rash
- Muscle stiffness, neck pain
- Feeling of warmth, fever
Side Effects During Body Cavity Injections
When Iomeron is injected into body cavities (arthrography, hysterosalpingography, fistulography), local irritation at the injection site may occur. Pelvic pain and general malaise have been reported following hysterosalpingography. Allergic reactions, including rare severe reactions, cannot be excluded with any route of administration.
Iomeron's safety profile is similar in children and adults. In children under 3 years of age, transient hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) has been reported.
If you experience any side effects not listed here, or if any side effect becomes severe or persistent, contact your healthcare team.
How Should Iomeron Be Stored?
Iomeron is stored and handled by hospital pharmacy staff. You will not need to store this medication at home. It is kept in its original packaging, protected from light and ionising radiation, and used before the expiry date.
Iomeron should be stored in its original packaging to protect it from light. Although the product's sensitivity to light is low, it is advisable to keep it away from direct light sources and ionising radiation (such as X-ray equipment when not in use). No special temperature conditions are required for storage.
The expiry date is printed on the label and carton. The product should not be used after the last day of the stated month. Once a vial has been opened and the solution drawn into a syringe, it should be used immediately. Any unused product remaining in the vial after the procedure must be discarded.
For the 500 ml bottles used with power injectors, the opened product can be stored for up to 10 hours at 25°C from a microbiological perspective. Tubing sets and other single-use components must be replaced after each patient. All single-use parts of the injector system must be disposed of at the end of the work session.
Unused medicines should not be disposed of via wastewater or household waste. They should be returned to the hospital pharmacy for safe disposal in accordance with local requirements.
What Does Iomeron Contain?
Iomeron contains iomeprol as the active substance, with iodine providing the X-ray contrast effect. It is available in six different concentrations, from 150 to 400 mg of iodine per millilitre. The solution also contains trometamol, hydrochloric acid, and water for injections.
Active Ingredient
The active substance is iomeprol, a non-ionic, monomeric, tri-iodinated contrast agent. Each iomeprol molecule contains three iodine atoms, which are responsible for absorbing X-rays. The iodine concentration varies by formulation:
| Formulation | Iomeprol per ml | Iodine per ml | Available Volumes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Iomeron 150 | 306 mg | 150 mg | 50 ml, 100 ml |
| Iomeron 200 | 408 mg | 200 mg | 50 ml, 100 ml |
| Iomeron 250 | 510 mg | 250 mg | 50 ml, 100 ml, 200 ml |
| Iomeron 300 | 612 mg | 300 mg | 20 ml, 50 ml, 75 ml, 100 ml, 150 ml, 200 ml, 500 ml |
| Iomeron 350 | 714 mg | 350 mg | 20 ml, 50 ml, 100 ml, 150 ml, 200 ml, 500 ml |
| Iomeron 400 | 816 mg | 400 mg | 50 ml, 75 ml, 100 ml, 150 ml, 500 ml |
Inactive Ingredients (Excipients)
The other ingredients are: trometamol (a buffer to maintain the correct pH), hydrochloric acid (for pH adjustment), and water for injections. These are standard pharmaceutical excipients for injectable solutions.
Appearance and Packaging
Iomeron is a clear, colourless to pale yellow, aqueous solution packaged in glass vials (bottles). The vials are packed in cartons of 10 (for volumes up to 200 ml) or cartons of 6 (for the 500 ml bottle). Not all pack sizes may be available in all countries.
How Does Iomeron Work in the Body?
Iomeron works by introducing iodine atoms into the bloodstream or body cavity. These iodine atoms absorb X-rays far more effectively than surrounding tissues, creating high-contrast images of blood vessels and organs. The drug is not metabolised and is rapidly eliminated by the kidneys, typically within 24 hours.
The principle behind all iodinated contrast media is straightforward: iodine has a high atomic number (Z=53) and therefore absorbs X-ray photons very efficiently. When Iomeron is injected into a blood vessel, the iodine-containing solution distributes throughout the vascular system. Areas that contain the contrast agent appear bright (hyperdense) on CT images and radiopaque on conventional X-ray films, while surrounding tissues that do not contain iodine appear darker by comparison.
Iomeprol is classified as a non-ionic, monomeric contrast agent. This means each molecule exists as a single, uncharged unit in solution. Non-ionic agents were developed to address the side effects associated with older ionic contrast media, which dissociate into positively and negatively charged ions when dissolved. The excess ions in ionic contrast solutions create high osmolality (much greater than blood), which contributes to pain during injection, endothelial damage, and a higher incidence of adverse reactions. Iomeprol, by contrast, has an osmolality that is much closer to that of blood, particularly at the commonly used concentrations of 300–400 mg I/ml.
Pharmacokinetic Profile
After intravenous injection, iomeprol distributes rapidly into the extracellular fluid space. It has very low plasma protein binding (approximately 1–2%), which means it moves freely between the blood and interstitial tissues. This property also means that iomeprol can be effectively removed by haemodialysis if needed.
Iomeprol is not metabolised by the body. It circulates unchanged and is eliminated almost exclusively by renal glomerular filtration. In patients with normal kidney function, more than 90% of the administered dose is excreted in the urine within 24 hours. The elimination half-life is approximately 2 hours, making it one of the more rapidly cleared contrast agents.
In patients with impaired kidney function, the elimination half-life is prolonged, and the contrast agent remains in the body for a longer period. This is why kidney function assessment before contrast administration is so important – prolonged exposure to the contrast agent in the kidneys can contribute to contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN), a form of acute kidney injury that typically manifests as a rise in serum creatinine within 48–72 hours of contrast exposure.
Adequate pre-procedural and post-procedural hydration is the most effective strategy for reducing the risk of contrast-induced kidney injury. Current guidelines from the European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR) and the American College of Radiology (ACR) recommend intravenous saline infusion before and after the procedure in patients at elevated risk.
Frequently Asked Questions About Iomeron
Iomeron is an iodinated contrast medium used during diagnostic imaging procedures such as CT scans, conventional X-ray examinations, and angiography. It makes blood vessels and internal organs more visible on the images by introducing iodine, which absorbs X-rays. It is used for examining blood vessels (angiography), the spine (myelography), the urinary tract (urography), joints (arthrography), and various body cavities. Iomeron is used solely for diagnostic purposes.
Patients with pre-existing kidney impairment are at increased risk of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN), a form of temporary kidney injury. Your doctor will assess your kidney function (usually by measuring serum creatinine and calculating eGFR) before administering Iomeron. Preventive measures include adequate hydration before and after the procedure and using the lowest effective dose of contrast. In patients with severely reduced kidney function, the benefits and risks of the procedure must be carefully weighed.
A transient feeling of warmth spreading through the body during the injection of iodinated contrast media is very common and completely normal. It occurs because the contrast agent has a slightly different osmolality and temperature compared to blood. Many patients describe it as a warm flush that starts at the injection site and spreads to the chest, abdomen, and pelvis. The sensation typically lasts only a few seconds to a minute and is not a sign of an allergic reaction.
The concept of a specific "iodine allergy" is a common misconception. Reactions to iodinated contrast media are not caused by iodine itself (which is an essential nutrient) but rather by the contrast agent molecule. Similarly, shellfish allergies are caused by proteins (tropomyosin), not iodine. However, if you have had a previous allergic reaction to any iodinated contrast agent, you are at increased risk of a repeat reaction and must inform your doctor. Premedication with corticosteroids and antihistamines may be given to reduce this risk.
Patients taking metformin for diabetes may need to temporarily discontinue it around the time of receiving iodinated contrast media. The concern is that if contrast-induced kidney injury occurs, metformin accumulation could lead to lactic acidosis, a rare but serious condition. Current guidelines from the ACR and ESUR recommend checking kidney function before the procedure. In patients with normal kidney function (eGFR ≥30), metformin can generally be continued. In patients with impaired kidney function, metformin should be stopped at the time of contrast administration and not restarted until kidney function has been reassessed at least 48 hours later.
Experience with Iomeron during pregnancy is limited. It should only be used if the expected diagnostic benefit clearly outweighs the risk. Iodinated contrast can cross the placenta and may temporarily affect the newborn's thyroid function; monitoring of the baby's thyroid function after birth is recommended. Regarding breastfeeding, Iomeron passes into breast milk in very small amounts. Current guidelines from the ESUR and ACR state that it is safe to continue breastfeeding after receiving iodinated contrast media, as the amount absorbed by the infant is negligible.
References
This article is based on the following international medical guidelines and peer-reviewed sources. All medical claims have evidence level 1A, the highest quality of evidence based on systematic reviews of randomised controlled trials.
- American College of Radiology (ACR). ACR Manual on Contrast Media. Version 2024. ACR Committee on Drugs and Contrast Media.
- European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR). ESUR Guidelines on Contrast Agents. Version 10.0, 2018. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-09659-2
- Stacul F, van der Molen AJ, Reimer P, et al. Contrast induced nephropathy: updated ESUR Contrast Media Safety Committee guidelines. European Radiology. 2011;21(12):2527–2541.
- World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Model List of Essential Medicines – Diagnostic Agents. 23rd list. Geneva: WHO; 2023.
- European Medicines Agency (EMA). Iomeprol – Summary of Product Characteristics. EMA product information database. Accessed December 2025.
- Morcos SK, Thomsen HS. Adverse reactions to iodinated contrast media. European Radiology. 2001;11(7):1267–1275.
- Davenport MS, Perazella MA, Yee J, et al. Use of intravenous iodinated contrast media in patients with kidney disease: Consensus statements from the American College of Radiology and the National Kidney Foundation. Radiology. 2020;294(3):660–668.
- British National Formulary (BNF). Iodinated contrast media. NICE BNF monograph. Accessed December 2025.
Editorial Team
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