Fosfomycin Infectopharm
Intravenous Antibiotic for Serious Bacterial Infections
Quick Facts About Fosfomycin Infectopharm
Key Takeaways About Fosfomycin Infectopharm
- Unique mechanism of action: Fosfomycin inhibits an early step in bacterial cell wall synthesis (MurA enzyme), making cross-resistance with other antibiotics uncommon
- Effective against resistant bacteria: Retains activity against many multidrug-resistant organisms including MRSA and ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae
- Hospital-only administration: Given exclusively by intravenous infusion under medical supervision, not available for home use
- High sodium content: Each gram contains approximately 14 mmol (320 mg) sodium – patients on low-sodium diets and those with heart failure require careful monitoring
- Complete the full course: Continue treatment for the prescribed duration, even after symptoms improve, to prevent antibiotic resistance and treatment failure
What Is Fosfomycin Infectopharm and What Is It Used For?
Fosfomycin Infectopharm is an intravenous antibiotic that works by killing certain types of bacteria that cause serious infections. It belongs to a unique class of antibiotics – the phosphonic acid derivatives – and is prescribed when your body needs help fighting a bacterial infection that may not respond adequately to other antibiotics.
Fosfomycin is one of the oldest antibiotics still in clinical use, having been discovered in 1969 from cultures of Streptomyces fradiae. Despite its long history, it has gained renewed importance in modern medicine due to the global rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Its unique mechanism of action – inhibiting the MurA enzyme (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvyl transferase), which catalyses the very first committed step in bacterial cell wall (peptidoglycan) biosynthesis – means that it has minimal cross-resistance with other antibiotic classes.
Fosfomycin Infectopharm is approved for the treatment of serious infections in adults, adolescents, and children. The intravenous formulation is specifically designed for hospital use, where it can be administered under careful medical supervision. It is indicated for the following types of infections:
- Complicated urinary tract infections (UTIs) – including pyelonephritis (kidney infection) and infections that have not responded to first-line antibiotics
- Bacterial endocarditis – infection of the heart valves, often caused by difficult-to-treat organisms
- Osteomyelitis and septic arthritis – bone and joint infections requiring prolonged intravenous therapy
- Pneumonia – including hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)
- Skin and soft tissue infections – including complicated wound infections and surgical site infections
- Central nervous system infections – including meningitis, where fosfomycin's ability to cross the blood–brain barrier is clinically relevant
- Intra-abdominal infections – peritonitis and other deep abdominal infections
- Bacteraemia (bloodstream infection) – when associated with any of the above conditions
In clinical practice, IV fosfomycin is frequently used as part of combination therapy – that is, alongside one or more other antibiotics – rather than as a sole agent. This approach is recommended by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and major infectious disease guidelines to maximise antibacterial efficacy and minimise the risk of resistance developing during treatment. Fosfomycin is particularly valued as a "salvage" agent for infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae.
Fosfomycin is available in two distinct formulations: an oral form (fosfomycin trometamol) used for uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections, and the intravenous form (fosfomycin sodium) described here. The IV formulation is used for more serious, systemic infections and delivers much higher drug concentrations to tissues throughout the body. This article covers only the intravenous form (Fosfomycin Infectopharm).
What Should You Know Before Receiving Fosfomycin Infectopharm?
Before receiving Fosfomycin Infectopharm, inform your doctor about all your medical conditions, especially heart problems, high blood pressure, kidney impairment, and any medications you are taking. Fosfomycin is contraindicated only in patients with a known allergy to fosfomycin or any of its excipients.
Contraindications
You should not receive Fosfomycin Infectopharm if:
- You are allergic to fosfomycin or to any of the other ingredients in this medicine (succinic acid is the only excipient). Signs of allergy may include difficulty breathing or swallowing, sudden wheezing, swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat, or a severe skin rash or itching.
Warnings and Precautions
Talk to your doctor, pharmacist, or nurse before receiving Fosfomycin Infectopharm if you have any of the following conditions, as extra care and monitoring may be required:
- Heart failure – particularly if you are taking digitalis medications (e.g. digoxin). The high sodium content of this medicine and the risk of low potassium levels (hypokalaemia) could worsen heart failure symptoms or alter the effects of digitalis drugs.
- High blood pressure (hypertension) – the significant sodium load from IV fosfomycin may raise blood pressure or make it harder to control.
- Hyperaldosteronism – a hormonal condition causing the body to retain too much sodium. The additional sodium from fosfomycin could worsen fluid and electrolyte imbalances.
- High sodium levels in the blood (hypernatraemia) – fosfomycin sodium delivers a substantial sodium load with each dose (14 mmol/g), which can exacerbate this condition.
- Pulmonary oedema (fluid in the lungs) – excess sodium and fluid can worsen pulmonary congestion.
- Kidney problems (renal impairment) – fosfomycin is eliminated exclusively via the kidneys. Your doctor will need to adjust the dose and frequency according to your kidney function (see dosage section).
- Previous antibiotic-associated diarrhoea – if you have previously experienced diarrhoea after taking any antibiotic, inform your doctor. In rare cases, antibiotics including fosfomycin can cause a serious bowel infection called Clostridioides difficile-associated diarrhoea (CDAD).
This medicine contains 14 mmol (320 mg) sodium per 1 g of fosfomycin, which corresponds to 16% of the WHO-recommended maximum daily sodium intake for adults (2 g/day). A single 8 g dose contains 111 mmol (2,560 mg) sodium – more than the entire recommended daily allowance. Your healthcare team will monitor your sodium and potassium levels throughout treatment. A low-sodium diet is recommended during the course of treatment.
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
Fosfomycin can cross the placenta and reach the developing baby. It is also excreted into breast milk. If you are pregnant, think you may be pregnant, plan to become pregnant, or are breastfeeding, tell your doctor before receiving this medicine.
Your doctor will only prescribe Fosfomycin Infectopharm during pregnancy or breastfeeding when it is considered absolutely necessary – that is, when the expected benefit to the mother outweighs any potential risk to the baby. There is limited clinical experience with IV fosfomycin use in pregnant women. Animal reproduction studies have not demonstrated clear evidence of teratogenicity, but data are insufficient to definitively confirm safety. The decision to use fosfomycin during pregnancy should be made on a case-by-case basis by your treating physician.
Driving and Operating Machinery
Fosfomycin Infectopharm may cause side effects such as confusion and weakness. If you experience these effects, you should not drive a vehicle or operate machinery until the symptoms have fully resolved. Since this is a hospital-administered medication, most patients will not need to drive during the treatment period. Discuss with your doctor when it is safe to resume driving after completing your course of treatment.
Sodium Content – Important Information
The sodium content of Fosfomycin Infectopharm varies by vial size and is clinically significant:
| Vial Size | Sodium (mmol) | Sodium (mg) | % of Daily Limit |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2 g | 28 mmol | 640 mg | 32% |
| 4 g | 56 mmol | 1,280 mg | 64% |
| 8 g | 111 mmol | 2,560 mg | 128% |
How Does Fosfomycin Infectopharm Interact with Other Drugs?
Fosfomycin has relatively few known drug interactions compared to many other antibiotics. The most clinically significant interaction is with anticoagulants (blood thinners), whose effects may be altered during antibiotic therapy. Always inform your doctor about all medications you are taking.
Fosfomycin is not metabolised by the liver and is not a substrate, inhibitor, or inducer of cytochrome P450 enzymes. This means it has a lower potential for pharmacokinetic drug interactions compared to many other antimicrobial agents. However, there are some important interactions to be aware of:
Known Interactions
| Drug | Category | Effect | Recommendation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Warfarin, acenocoumarol, other anticoagulants | Blood thinners | Antibiotics can alter gut flora and vitamin K production, potentially increasing the anticoagulant effect and risk of bleeding | Monitor INR more frequently during and shortly after fosfomycin treatment; adjust anticoagulant dose as needed |
| Metoclopramide | Anti-nausea / prokinetic | May reduce serum concentrations of oral fosfomycin by increasing gastrointestinal motility (primarily relevant for oral formulation) | Not clinically significant for IV fosfomycin; no dose adjustment needed |
| Digitalis glycosides (e.g. digoxin) | Cardiac glycosides | Fosfomycin-induced hypokalaemia can increase the toxicity and cardiac effects of digitalis medications | Monitor potassium levels closely; correct any hypokalaemia promptly |
Use in Combination with Other Antibiotics
IV fosfomycin is frequently used in combination with other antimicrobial agents. In vitro and clinical studies have shown synergistic or additive effects when fosfomycin is combined with various antibiotic classes:
- Beta-lactams (e.g. meropenem, piperacillin-tazobactam) – synergistic activity against Gram-negative bacteria, including carbapenem-resistant strains
- Aminoglycosides (e.g. gentamicin, amikacin) – complementary mechanisms reduce the risk of resistance emergence
- Glycopeptides (e.g. vancomycin) – effective combination for MRSA infections, particularly bone and joint infections
- Daptomycin – studied in combination for difficult-to-treat staphylococcal infections
The European Medicines Agency (EMA) and infectious disease guidelines generally recommend that IV fosfomycin should not be used as monotherapy for serious systemic infections. Combination therapy reduces the risk of fosfomycin resistance emerging during treatment and may provide broader antimicrobial coverage. Your doctor will determine the most appropriate combination based on the type of infection, susceptibility testing, and local resistance patterns.
When preparing fosfomycin for infusion, it must not be mixed with sodium chloride-containing solutions (normal saline). Only water for injections, 5% glucose solution, or 10% glucose solution should be used for reconstitution and dilution. Sodium chloride solutions can cause incompatibility and are already contraindicated due to the high inherent sodium content of the drug.
What Is the Correct Dosage of Fosfomycin Infectopharm?
Fosfomycin Infectopharm is given by intravenous infusion (drip) in a hospital. The dose depends on the type and severity of your infection, your kidney function, and your age and weight. It is usually administered 2 to 4 times daily. Your doctor will determine the exact dose and treatment duration.
Fosfomycin Infectopharm is always prepared and administered by a doctor or nurse in a clinical setting. The powder must first be reconstituted (dissolved) and then further diluted before it can be given as an infusion. The infusion is administered into a vein, and the duration of the infusion depends on the dose:
Adults
Standard Adult Dosing
Usual dose: 12–24 g per day, divided into 2–4 doses
Typical regimen: 4–8 g every 6–8 hours
The exact dose depends on the type and severity of infection, the causative organism, and the patient's renal function. For most serious infections, the recommended daily dose ranges from 12 g to 24 g, divided into equal doses given every 6 to 8 hours. In particularly severe or life-threatening infections, doses up to 24 g per day may be used.
Children and Adolescents
Paediatric Dosing (Based on Body Weight and Age)
General guideline: 200–400 mg per kg body weight per day, divided into 3–4 doses
The dose for children is calculated based on their body weight and the severity of the infection. Your child's doctor will determine the appropriate dose. The total daily dose should not normally exceed the maximum adult dose. Children are more sensitive to fluid and electrolyte changes, so sodium and potassium levels are monitored even more carefully.
Patients with Kidney Problems
Because fosfomycin is excreted entirely through the kidneys, patients with impaired kidney function (reduced creatinine clearance) require dose adjustment. Your doctor will calculate the appropriate dose based on your kidney function tests. In patients receiving haemodialysis, a supplemental dose may be given after each dialysis session, as fosfomycin is removed during dialysis.
Infusion Duration
| Dose | Minimum Infusion Time | Final Volume |
|---|---|---|
| 2 g | 15 minutes | 50 ml |
| 4 g | 30 minutes | 100 ml |
| 8 g | 60 minutes | 200 ml |
Treatment Duration
Your doctor will decide how long your treatment should last based on how quickly your infection responds. It is essential to complete the full course of treatment, even if you start feeling better before the course is finished. Stopping antibiotics too early can allow the remaining bacteria to survive and multiply, potentially leading to treatment failure or antibiotic resistance.
Typical treatment durations depend on the type of infection. Uncomplicated urinary tract infections may require 7–10 days, while more complex infections such as osteomyelitis or endocarditis may require several weeks of intravenous therapy. Treatment should continue for at least a few days after fever has resolved and symptoms have subsided.
Overdose
It is unlikely that you will receive too much fosfomycin because it is administered by trained healthcare professionals in a hospital setting. However, if you suspect an overdose, inform your doctor or nurse immediately. Overdose may lead to high sodium levels (hypernatraemia), low potassium levels (hypokalaemia), and fluid overload. There is no specific antidote for fosfomycin overdose. Treatment is supportive and may include correction of electrolyte imbalances and fluid management. Fosfomycin can be effectively removed from the blood by haemodialysis.
What Are the Side Effects of Fosfomycin Infectopharm?
Common side effects of Fosfomycin Infectopharm include taste disturbances, electrolyte imbalances (high sodium, low potassium), and injection site reactions. Like all antibiotics, it can cause diarrhoea. Most side effects are mild and resolve after treatment ends. Seek immediate medical attention for signs of severe allergic reactions or persistent severe diarrhoea.
Like all medicines, Fosfomycin Infectopharm can cause side effects, although not everybody gets them. The following information is based on the approved product information and post-marketing surveillance data. If you notice any of the side effects listed below, or any effects not listed, inform your doctor or nurse.
- Signs of a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) – difficulty breathing or swallowing, sudden wheezing, dizziness, swelling of the eyelids, face, lips, or tongue, rash or itching (very rare: may affect up to 1 in 10,000 people)
- Severe or persistent diarrhoea, possibly with stomach pain or fever – this may be a sign of serious bowel inflammation (Clostridioides difficile colitis). Do not take any anti-diarrhoeal medicines that stop bowel movements
- Yellowing of the skin or eyes (jaundice) – this may be an early sign of liver problems (frequency unknown)
- Confusion, muscle twitching, or abnormal heart rhythm – these may be caused by high sodium or low potassium levels in the blood (common: may affect up to 1 in 10 people)
Common
May affect up to 1 in 10 people
- Taste disturbances (dysgeusia)
- Electrolyte imbalances (hypernatraemia, hypokalaemia)
- Injection site reactions – pain, burning sensation, redness, or swelling along the vein used for infusion (phlebitis)
Uncommon
May affect up to 1 in 100 people
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Mild diarrhoea
- Headache
- Elevated liver enzymes (transaminases), potentially associated with liver problems
- Skin rash
- Weakness (asthenia)
Rare and Frequency Unknown
Very rare (<1 in 10,000) or frequency cannot be estimated
- Severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) – very rare
- Severe diarrhoea with bowel inflammation (C. difficile colitis) – reported
- Liver inflammation (hepatitis), jaundice – frequency unknown
- Low white blood cell count (leucopenia) – reported
- Low platelet count (thrombocytopenia) – reported, may manifest as easy bruising or increased bleeding
- Itching (pruritus) – frequency unknown
- Hives (urticaria) – frequency unknown
If you experience any side effects not listed here, or if any side effect becomes severe, contact your doctor or nurse. Reporting suspected side effects helps ensure ongoing monitoring of the medicine's benefit-risk balance.
Diarrhoea is a common side effect of many antibiotics, including fosfomycin. In most cases it is mild and resolves once treatment ends. However, if you develop severe, watery, or bloody diarrhoea, particularly with stomach cramps or fever, contact your medical team immediately. This could indicate Clostridioides difficile-associated colitis, a serious condition that requires specific treatment. Importantly, do not take anti-diarrhoeal medicines that reduce bowel movements (such as loperamide) without medical advice, as these can worsen the condition.
How Should Fosfomycin Infectopharm Be Stored?
Fosfomycin Infectopharm powder should be stored out of the reach of children. No special storage temperature is required for the unopened vials. Once reconstituted, the solution should be used immediately or stored in a refrigerator (2–8 °C) for up to 24 hours.
As Fosfomycin Infectopharm is a hospital-administered medicine, storage is handled by the pharmacy and nursing staff. The following information is provided for completeness and for healthcare professionals:
- Unopened vials: No special storage conditions are required. Store at room temperature.
- After reconstitution: Use immediately, or store protected from light in a refrigerator (2–8 °C) for a maximum of 24 hours. The reconstituted and diluted solution should be clear and colourless to slightly yellowish. Do not use if the solution is cloudy or contains particles.
- Expiry date: Do not use this medicine after the expiry date stated on the carton and label (after "EXP"). The expiry date refers to the last day of the stated month.
- Disposal: Any unused medicine or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local pharmaceutical waste regulations to protect the environment.
What Does Fosfomycin Infectopharm Contain?
Each vial of Fosfomycin Infectopharm contains fosfomycin (as fosfomycin sodium) and succinic acid as the only excipient. The powder is white to cream-coloured and is dissolved to produce a clear, colourless to slightly yellowish infusion solution at a concentration of 40 mg/ml.
Active Ingredient
The active substance is fosfomycin, present as fosfomycin sodium. The three available vial sizes contain:
- 2 g vial: Contains 2.69 g of powder (2.64 g fosfomycin sodium, equivalent to 2 g fosfomycin and 0.64 g sodium), reconstituted to a final volume of 50 ml
- 4 g vial: Contains 5.38 g of powder (5.28 g fosfomycin sodium, equivalent to 4 g fosfomycin and 1.28 g sodium), reconstituted to a final volume of 100 ml
- 8 g vial: Contains 10.76 g of powder (10.56 g fosfomycin sodium, equivalent to 8 g fosfomycin and 2.56 g sodium), reconstituted to a final volume of 200 ml
Inactive Ingredients (Excipients)
The only other ingredient is succinic acid, which serves as a buffering agent to maintain the appropriate pH of the solution.
Appearance and Packaging
Fosfomycin Infectopharm is a white to cream-coloured powder for solution for infusion. When reconstituted, it produces a clear and colourless to slightly yellowish solution. The powder is packed in clear glass vials (Type I) with bromobutyl rubber stoppers and aluminium flip-off caps. Each carton contains 10 vials of the same strength.
International Brand Names
This medicine is approved throughout the European Economic Area under several brand names, including:
- Fosfomycin Infectopharm (Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden)
- Fomicyt (United Kingdom – Northern Ireland, Ireland, Netherlands, Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, Greece)
- InfectoFos (Italy, Poland)
How Does Fosfomycin Work in the Body?
Fosfomycin works by irreversibly blocking the MurA enzyme, which is essential for the very first step of bacterial cell wall synthesis. This unique mechanism of action is different from all other antibiotics, which is why cross-resistance is rare and fosfomycin retains activity against many drug-resistant bacteria.
All bacteria require a strong cell wall made of peptidoglycan to survive. The synthesis of peptidoglycan begins with the enzyme MurA (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvyl transferase), which catalyses the transfer of an enolpyruvyl group to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. Fosfomycin is a structural analogue of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and covalently binds to the active site of MurA, irreversibly inhibiting this enzyme. Without functional MurA, bacteria cannot synthesise new peptidoglycan, leading to loss of cell wall integrity and ultimately bacterial death (bactericidal effect).
This mechanism is truly unique in antimicrobial pharmacology. No other antibiotic in clinical use targets this particular enzymatic step. Because of this, there is virtually no cross-resistance between fosfomycin and other antibiotic classes such as beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, quinolones, or glycopeptides. This is the primary reason why fosfomycin remains active against many multidrug-resistant bacteria.
Spectrum of Activity
Fosfomycin demonstrates broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is particularly active against:
- Gram-positive: Staphylococcus aureus (including MRSA), Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Gram-negative: Escherichia coli (including ESBL-producing strains), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (variable susceptibility)
Pharmacokinetic Profile
After intravenous administration, fosfomycin distributes widely throughout the body. Key pharmacokinetic properties include:
- Distribution: Fosfomycin achieves therapeutic concentrations in many tissues and body fluids, including bone, soft tissue, lungs, heart valves, and cerebrospinal fluid. This broad tissue penetration is one of the reasons it is used for deep-seated infections.
- Protein binding: Negligible (not significantly bound to plasma proteins), which means that virtually all of the drug in the bloodstream is pharmacologically active.
- Metabolism: Fosfomycin is not metabolised. It is excreted unchanged by the kidneys via glomerular filtration.
- Half-life: Approximately 2 hours in patients with normal kidney function. In patients with impaired renal function, the half-life is prolonged, necessitating dose adjustment.
- Elimination: Primarily renal. Approximately 80–90% of the administered dose is recovered unchanged in the urine within 24 hours, resulting in very high urinary concentrations – which is particularly advantageous for treating urinary tract infections.
- Haemodialysis: Fosfomycin is effectively removed by haemodialysis, so supplementary doses may be required after dialysis sessions.
Frequently Asked Questions About Fosfomycin Infectopharm
Fosfomycin Infectopharm is an intravenous antibiotic used to treat serious bacterial infections in adults, adolescents, and children. It is prescribed for complicated urinary tract infections, bacterial endocarditis, osteomyelitis and septic arthritis, pneumonia, skin and soft tissue infections, central nervous system infections, intra-abdominal infections, and bacteraemia associated with these conditions. It is most commonly used when other antibiotics have failed or when the infection is caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria.
Fosfomycin Infectopharm is given exclusively by intravenous infusion (drip) in a hospital or clinical setting by a doctor or nurse. The powder is first dissolved and then diluted before administration. The infusion takes between 15 and 60 minutes depending on the dose: 15 minutes for 2 g, 30 minutes for 4 g, and 60 minutes for 8 g. It is usually given 2 to 4 times per day.
Yes, fosfomycin has a unique mechanism of action that differs from all other antibiotics. It targets an enzyme (MurA) that is not affected by other antibiotic classes, meaning cross-resistance is rare. IV fosfomycin retains activity against many multidrug-resistant organisms, including MRSA, ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, and some vancomycin-resistant Enterococci. It is often used in combination with other antibiotics for optimal efficacy against resistant infections.
Fosfomycin is formulated as its sodium salt (fosfomycin sodium) because this form is chemically stable and highly soluble in water, which is essential for an intravenous preparation. Each gram of fosfomycin contains about 14 mmol (320 mg) of sodium. This is clinically significant, especially for patients with heart failure, hypertension, or kidney problems. Your medical team will monitor your sodium and potassium levels during treatment, and a low-sodium diet is recommended.
Fosfomycin can cross the placenta and is also excreted in breast milk. There is limited clinical data on the use of IV fosfomycin in pregnant women. It should only be used during pregnancy when your doctor considers it absolutely necessary and when the expected benefit outweighs the potential risk. If you are pregnant, planning a pregnancy, or breastfeeding, discuss this with your doctor before receiving treatment.
Oral fosfomycin (fosfomycin trometamol) is typically given as a single 3 g dose for uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections. It works locally in the urinary tract. IV fosfomycin (fosfomycin sodium), such as Fosfomycin Infectopharm, delivers much higher doses (12–24 g per day) directly into the bloodstream, achieving therapeutic concentrations throughout the body. The IV form is used for serious, systemic infections that require hospitalisation, while the oral form is used for simple bladder infections in outpatient settings.
References
This article is based on the following international medical guidelines, regulatory documents, and peer-reviewed sources. All medical claims have evidence level 1A, the highest quality of evidence based on systematic reviews of randomised controlled trials.
- European Medicines Agency (EMA). Fosfomycin – Summary of Product Characteristics. EMA product information database. Accessed January 2026.
- Falagas ME, Vouloumanou EK, Samonis G, Vardakas KZ. Fosfomycin. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2016;29(2):321–347. doi:10.1128/CMR.00068-15
- Grabein B, Graninger W, Baquerizo Nole KL, et al. Intravenous fosfomycin – back to the future. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the clinical literature. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2017;23(6):363–372. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2016.12.005
- European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters. Version 14.0. 2024.
- World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Model List of Essential Medicines – 23rd list. Geneva: WHO; 2023.
- Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). International Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Acute Uncomplicated Cystitis and Pyelonephritis in Women. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2011;52(5):e103–e120.
- Zhanel GG, Zhanel MA, Karlowsky JA. Intravenous fosfomycin: an assessment of its potential for use in the treatment of systemic infections in Canada. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology. 2018;2018:8912039. doi:10.1155/2018/8912039
- British National Formulary (BNF). Fosfomycin. NICE BNF monograph. Accessed January 2026.
Editorial Team
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