Flurbiprofen STADA: Uses, Dosage & Side Effects

A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) for short-term relief of sore throat pain, available as lozenges and oromucosal spray

Rx ATC: R02AX01 NSAID
Active Ingredient
Flurbiprofen
Available Forms
Lozenge, Oromucosal spray
Strengths
8.75 mg (lozenge), 16.2 mg/ml (spray)
Manufacturer
STADA Arzneimittel AG

Flurbiprofen STADA is a locally acting non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used for the short-term symptomatic relief of sore throat pain. Available as 8.75 mg lozenges and a 16.2 mg/ml oromucosal spray solution, flurbiprofen works by inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2) to reduce prostaglandin synthesis directly at the site of throat inflammation. It provides rapid pain relief, typically within 15–30 minutes, lasting up to 4–6 hours. Flurbiprofen STADA is intended for adults and adolescents aged 12 years and over, and should not be used for more than 3 days without medical advice.

Quick Facts: Flurbiprofen STADA

Active Ingredient
Flurbiprofen
Drug Class
NSAID
ATC Code
R02AX01
Common Uses
Sore Throat Pain
Available Forms
Lozenge, Spray
Prescription Status
Rx (varies)

Key Takeaways

  • Flurbiprofen STADA is an NSAID lozenge and spray that provides targeted anti-inflammatory pain relief for sore throats caused by pharyngitis and tonsillitis
  • Pain relief typically begins within 15–30 minutes and lasts 4–6 hours per dose, with a maximum of 5 lozenges or 5 spray doses per day
  • Not recommended for children under 12, during the third trimester of pregnancy, or for use beyond 3 consecutive days without medical supervision
  • Avoid combining with other NSAIDs (including aspirin and ibuprofen) and use caution with anticoagulants such as warfarin due to increased bleeding risk
  • Common side effects are generally mild and include taste disturbance, oral numbness, and gastrointestinal discomfort; serious reactions are rare at recommended doses

What Is Flurbiprofen STADA and What Is It Used For?

Quick Answer: Flurbiprofen STADA is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) available as lozenges and oromucosal spray for the short-term relief of sore throat pain. It works by reducing inflammation and pain directly in the throat tissue.

Flurbiprofen STADA contains the active ingredient flurbiprofen, a member of the propionic acid class of NSAIDs. Unlike systemic NSAID tablets taken for general pain relief, Flurbiprofen STADA is formulated specifically for local application to the oropharyngeal mucosa – the tissue lining the back of the throat. When you slowly dissolve a lozenge or apply the spray, the flurbiprofen is delivered directly to the inflamed tissue, providing targeted anti-inflammatory and analgesic (pain-relieving) effects at the site where you need it most.

The drug works by inhibiting both cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzymes. These enzymes are responsible for producing prostaglandins, which are chemical messengers that play a key role in the inflammatory response. By blocking prostaglandin synthesis locally in the throat, flurbiprofen reduces the swelling, redness, and pain associated with sore throat conditions. Clinical studies have demonstrated that a single 8.75 mg flurbiprofen lozenge provides statistically significant pain relief compared to placebo within 15 minutes of administration, with the effect lasting between 4 and 6 hours.

Flurbiprofen STADA is indicated for the symptomatic relief of sore throat pain in adults and adolescents aged 12 years and over. It is effective for sore throat caused by viral pharyngitis (the most common cause of sore throat), bacterial pharyngitis, tonsillitis, and general upper respiratory tract infections. However, it is important to understand that Flurbiprofen STADA treats the symptom of pain only – it does not treat the underlying infection. If your sore throat is caused by a bacterial infection such as group A streptococcus, you may still require antibiotic treatment as prescribed by your doctor.

Flurbiprofen is approximately 5–10 times more potent than ibuprofen on a weight-for-weight basis, which explains why such a low dose (8.75 mg) can provide meaningful analgesic effects. For comparison, a typical ibuprofen tablet contains 200–400 mg of active ingredient. The low dose used in the lozenge and spray formulations results in minimal systemic absorption, which means the risk of typical NSAID-related systemic side effects (such as gastrointestinal ulceration or cardiovascular events) is considerably lower than with oral NSAID tablets taken for musculoskeletal pain.

How Flurbiprofen STADA Differs from Other Throat Remedies Unlike anaesthetic throat lozenges that simply numb the area, flurbiprofen provides true anti-inflammatory action. It reduces the underlying inflammation that causes the pain, rather than just masking the sensation. This dual mechanism – anti-inflammatory plus analgesic – can offer more sustained and meaningful relief, particularly when the throat is visibly red and swollen.

What Should You Know Before Taking Flurbiprofen STADA?

Quick Answer: Do not use Flurbiprofen STADA if you are allergic to flurbiprofen, aspirin, or other NSAIDs, if you have a history of NSAID-triggered asthma, or if you are in the third trimester of pregnancy. Inform your doctor about all other medications you are taking.

Before using Flurbiprofen STADA, it is essential to consider several important safety factors. Although the locally applied low-dose formulation carries a more favourable safety profile than systemic NSAID tablets, the same fundamental precautions that apply to all NSAIDs should be respected. Understanding these contraindications and warnings will help you use the product safely and effectively.

Contraindications

You must not use Flurbiprofen STADA if any of the following apply to you:

  • Hypersensitivity to flurbiprofen or any excipient – If you have ever had an allergic reaction to flurbiprofen or any of the inactive ingredients in the lozenge or spray, do not use this product.
  • History of reactions to aspirin or other NSAIDs – Patients who have experienced asthma, urticaria (hives), rhinitis, or angioedema triggered by aspirin or any other NSAID must avoid flurbiprofen, as cross-reactivity is common within this drug class.
  • Active peptic ulcer or gastrointestinal bleeding – Although the locally applied dose is very low, it is contraindicated in patients with active gastrointestinal ulceration or bleeding.
  • Third trimester of pregnancy – All NSAIDs are contraindicated after the 28th week of pregnancy due to the risk of premature closure of the fetal ductus arteriosus and inhibition of uterine contractions.
  • Severe heart failure (NYHA Class IV) – NSAID use may worsen fluid retention and cardiac function in patients with severe heart failure.
  • Severe hepatic or renal impairment – Patients with significantly compromised liver or kidney function should not use this product without specific medical advice.

Warnings and Precautions

Use Flurbiprofen STADA with caution and consult your doctor before use if you have any of the following conditions:

  • History of gastrointestinal disease – Including Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, or previous peptic ulcer. NSAIDs can potentially exacerbate these conditions, even at low doses.
  • Cardiovascular disease – Including hypertension, ischaemic heart disease, peripheral arterial disease, or cerebrovascular disease. Although the systemic exposure from lozenges is minimal, patients with significant cardiovascular risk should consult their physician.
  • Asthma – Approximately 10–20% of adults with asthma may experience NSAID-exacerbated respiratory disease (NERD). If you have asthma, use flurbiprofen with caution and discontinue immediately if you notice any worsening of respiratory symptoms.
  • Elderly patients – Older adults are at increased risk of NSAID-related adverse effects. While the low-dose topical formulation is generally well tolerated, elderly patients should use the minimum effective dose for the shortest duration necessary.
  • Coagulation disorders – Flurbiprofen, like all NSAIDs, may inhibit platelet aggregation and prolong bleeding time. Use with caution if you have a bleeding disorder or are taking anticoagulant medications.
Important: Duration of Use Flurbiprofen STADA is intended for short-term use only (maximum 3 days). If your sore throat does not improve within 3 days, worsens, or is accompanied by high fever (above 38.5°C / 101.3°F), severe difficulty swallowing, breathing problems, or a skin rash, stop using the product and consult a healthcare professional promptly. These symptoms may indicate a more serious condition that requires further evaluation.

Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

The use of Flurbiprofen STADA during pregnancy requires careful consideration depending on the trimester:

  • First and second trimester – Use only if clearly necessary and as advised by your doctor. NSAIDs may be associated with an increased risk of miscarriage and malformations when used during early pregnancy, though evidence for low-dose topical formulations is limited.
  • Third trimester – Absolutely contraindicated. All NSAIDs may cause premature closure of the ductus arteriosus in the fetus, inhibit uterine contractions (potentially prolonging labour), and increase the risk of maternal and fetal bleeding.
  • Breastfeeding – Flurbiprofen is excreted in breast milk in very small quantities. Given the low systemic dose from lozenges, short-term use (up to 3 days) is generally considered compatible with breastfeeding by most clinical references, including the British National Formulary (BNF). However, you should consult your healthcare provider before use.

How Does Flurbiprofen STADA Interact with Other Drugs?

Quick Answer: Flurbiprofen may interact with anticoagulants, other NSAIDs, methotrexate, lithium, SSRIs, and corticosteroids. Although systemic exposure from lozenges is low, these interactions should be considered, particularly in patients taking multiple medications.

Drug interactions with flurbiprofen lozenges and spray are generally less clinically significant than those associated with systemic NSAID therapy, because the locally applied low dose results in considerably lower blood levels of the drug. However, it is important to be aware of potential interactions, especially if you take other medications regularly or have underlying health conditions. The table below summarizes the most important known interactions.

Major Interactions

The following drug combinations warrant particular caution and may require medical supervision:

Major Drug Interactions
Interacting Drug Risk Recommendation
Warfarin / Anticoagulants Increased risk of bleeding due to additive antiplatelet effects and potential displacement from protein binding Avoid combination or use under close medical supervision with INR monitoring
Other NSAIDs (incl. aspirin) Increased risk of gastrointestinal ulceration and bleeding; no additional analgesic benefit Do not use Flurbiprofen STADA concurrently with other NSAIDs or aspirin (except low-dose aspirin for cardiovascular prophylaxis on medical advice)
Methotrexate NSAIDs may reduce renal clearance of methotrexate, leading to increased toxicity Consult your doctor; particularly relevant for patients on high-dose methotrexate therapy
Lithium NSAIDs may decrease lithium renal excretion, leading to elevated plasma lithium levels and toxicity Monitor lithium levels if concurrent use cannot be avoided

Minor Interactions

The following interactions are less likely to be clinically significant with the low-dose topical formulation, but awareness is still important:

Minor Drug Interactions
Interacting Drug Risk Recommendation
SSRIs (e.g. sertraline, fluoxetine) Slightly increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding when combined with NSAIDs Be aware of symptoms; short-term use is generally acceptable
Corticosteroids (e.g. prednisolone) Increased risk of gastrointestinal ulceration and bleeding Use with caution; consider gastroprotection if both are needed
ACE inhibitors / ARBs NSAIDs may reduce the antihypertensive effect and potentially impair renal function Unlikely to be significant at lozenge doses; inform your doctor if you take blood pressure medication
Diuretics NSAIDs may reduce the diuretic and antihypertensive effect Unlikely to be clinically relevant at topical doses; monitor blood pressure if concerned
Ciclosporin Increased risk of nephrotoxicity Consult your doctor before using any NSAID if you take ciclosporin

Always inform your pharmacist or doctor about all medications you are taking, including prescription drugs, over-the-counter medicines, herbal supplements, and vitamins. Even though the systemic exposure from flurbiprofen lozenges is low, drug interactions can still occur, particularly in patients who are elderly, have impaired kidney or liver function, or are taking multiple medications simultaneously.

What Is the Correct Dosage of Flurbiprofen STADA?

Quick Answer: Adults and adolescents over 12 years: one 8.75 mg lozenge every 3–6 hours as needed, maximum 5 per day; or 3 sprays (one dose) every 3–6 hours, maximum 5 doses per day. Do not use for more than 3 days without consulting a doctor.

The correct dosage of Flurbiprofen STADA depends on the formulation being used. Both the lozenge and spray formulations deliver flurbiprofen locally to the throat, but the administration method and dosing intervals differ slightly. Always follow the instructions provided in the patient information leaflet, and do not exceed the recommended dose. Using the product correctly ensures optimal pain relief while minimising the risk of side effects.

Adults

Lozenge (8.75 mg)

Slowly dissolve one lozenge in the mouth every 3 to 6 hours as needed. Do not chew or swallow the lozenge whole – allow it to dissolve slowly to maximise local contact with the throat tissue. The maximum recommended dose is 5 lozenges per day (43.75 mg total daily dose of flurbiprofen). Use the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration necessary. Do not use for more than 3 consecutive days without consulting a healthcare professional.

Oromucosal Spray (16.2 mg/ml)

Direct 3 sprays (one dose) onto the back of the throat every 3 to 6 hours as needed. Each spray delivers approximately 0.27 ml of solution, providing around 4.4 mg of flurbiprofen per spray (approximately 13.2 mg per 3-spray dose). The maximum recommended frequency is 5 doses (15 sprays) per day. Do not inhale while spraying. Do not use for more than 3 consecutive days without consulting a healthcare professional.

Children

Children Under 12 Years

Flurbiprofen STADA lozenges and spray are not recommended for children under 12 years of age. There is insufficient clinical data on the safety and efficacy of flurbiprofen lozenges in this age group. For younger children with sore throat pain, consult a healthcare provider for age-appropriate alternatives, such as paracetamol (acetaminophen) or ibuprofen oral suspensions, which have well-established paediatric dosing.

Adolescents (12–17 Years)

The same dosing as adults applies: one lozenge every 3–6 hours or 3 sprays every 3–6 hours, with a maximum of 5 doses per day. Use should be under adult supervision. If symptoms persist beyond 3 days, a healthcare professional should be consulted.

Elderly

Patients Over 65 Years

No specific dose adjustment is required for elderly patients when using the lozenge or spray at the recommended doses. However, elderly individuals are at increased risk of NSAID-related adverse effects, including gastrointestinal bleeding and renal impairment. Elderly patients should use the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration possible. If you take other medications regularly, consult your doctor or pharmacist before use to check for potential interactions.

Missed Dose

Flurbiprofen STADA is used “as needed” for pain relief rather than on a fixed dosing schedule. There is no concept of a missed dose – simply use the next lozenge or spray dose when your sore throat pain returns. Ensure you maintain at least a 3-hour interval between doses and do not exceed 5 doses in any 24-hour period to compensate for a period without treatment.

Overdose

What to Do in Case of Overdose If you or someone else accidentally takes too many flurbiprofen lozenges, seek medical advice immediately or contact your national poison control centre. Symptoms of NSAID overdose may include nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, drowsiness, headache, dizziness, and in severe cases, gastrointestinal bleeding. There is no specific antidote for flurbiprofen; treatment is supportive and symptomatic. Due to the low dose per lozenge (8.75 mg), significant overdose from the recommended formulation is unlikely unless a very large number of lozenges is consumed.

What Are the Side Effects of Flurbiprofen STADA?

Quick Answer: Most side effects of Flurbiprofen STADA are mild and temporary, including taste disturbance, oral numbness or tingling, nausea, and mouth ulcers. Serious side effects are rare at the recommended low doses. Stop use and seek medical attention if you experience signs of allergic reaction, gastrointestinal bleeding, or severe skin reactions.

Like all medicines, Flurbiprofen STADA can cause side effects, although not everybody experiences them. The locally applied low-dose formulation generally has a favourable safety profile compared to systemic NSAID tablets. In clinical trials involving flurbiprofen 8.75 mg lozenges, the overall incidence of adverse events was similar to placebo, with most reported effects being mild and transient. The side effects are categorised below by frequency, as defined by international pharmacovigilance standards.

Common

May affect up to 1 in 10 people
  • Taste disturbance (dysgeusia) – unusual or unpleasant taste in the mouth
  • Oral paraesthesia – numbness, tingling, or warming sensation in the mouth and throat
  • Nausea
  • Mouth ulcers or oral irritation
  • Sore mouth or throat irritation at the application site

Uncommon

May affect up to 1 in 100 people
  • Headache
  • Dizziness
  • Abdominal pain or discomfort
  • Diarrhoea
  • Dry mouth
  • Bloating or flatulence
  • Skin rash or itching (pruritus)

Rare

May affect up to 1 in 1,000 people
  • Gastrointestinal bleeding (signs include dark or bloody stools, vomiting blood or material that looks like coffee grounds)
  • Gastrointestinal ulceration
  • Hypersensitivity reactions including urticaria (hives) and angioedema (swelling of face, lips, tongue, or throat)
  • Bronchospasm (worsening of asthma symptoms)
  • Severe skin reactions (Stevens-Johnson syndrome, erythema multiforme – extremely rare)

Not Known

Frequency cannot be estimated from available data
  • Exacerbation of colitis or Crohn’s disease in patients with existing inflammatory bowel disease
  • Renal impairment (with prolonged use at higher systemic doses)
  • Fluid retention and oedema (generally associated with systemic NSAID use, not topical)

The vast majority of patients who use Flurbiprofen STADA lozenges or spray at the recommended doses for the recommended duration (up to 3 days) will not experience any significant side effects. The most commonly reported effects – mild taste changes and transient oral numbness – are generally well tolerated and resolve quickly.

When to Stop and Seek Immediate Medical Attention Discontinue Flurbiprofen STADA and seek emergency medical help if you experience any of the following: signs of a severe allergic reaction (difficulty breathing, swelling of face/lips/tongue/throat, severe skin rash or hives); signs of gastrointestinal bleeding (vomiting blood, dark tarry stools); unexplained wheezing or worsening asthma; or severe skin reactions with blistering, peeling, or widespread rash.

If you experience any side effect not listed here, or if any of the listed effects become bothersome or persistent, consult your doctor or pharmacist. You can also report suspected side effects to your national pharmacovigilance authority (such as the Yellow Card Scheme in the UK, MedWatch in the US, or the relevant agency in your country) to help monitor the safety of medicines.

How Should You Store Flurbiprofen STADA?

Quick Answer: Store below 25°C in the original packaging. Keep out of the reach and sight of children. Do not use after the expiry date printed on the packaging.

Proper storage of Flurbiprofen STADA ensures the product remains effective and safe throughout its shelf life. Follow these guidelines to maintain the quality of your medication:

  • Temperature: Store at or below 25°C (77°F). Do not refrigerate or freeze the lozenges or spray solution.
  • Packaging: Keep the lozenges in their original blister pack until ready to use. Store the spray bottle with the cap on when not in use. The original packaging protects the product from moisture and light.
  • Children: Store all medications out of the reach and sight of children. Lozenges may look like confectionery and could be accidentally consumed by young children.
  • Expiry date: Do not use the product after the expiry date (month/year) printed on the carton and blister/bottle. The expiry date refers to the last day of that month.
  • Spray opening: Once the spray bottle has been opened, use within the timeframe specified by the manufacturer (typically 6 months, though check your specific product packaging).
  • Disposal: Do not dispose of medicines via wastewater or household waste. Return unused or expired medications to your pharmacy for safe disposal. This helps protect the environment.

If the lozenges show any change in appearance (such as discolouration, crumbling, or unusual odour), or if the spray solution appears cloudy or contains visible particles, do not use the product and return it to your pharmacy for replacement.

What Does Flurbiprofen STADA Contain?

Quick Answer: Each lozenge contains 8.75 mg of flurbiprofen as the active ingredient, along with excipients including macrogol, potassium hydroxide, flavouring, and sucralose. The spray solution contains 16.2 mg/ml of flurbiprofen.

Active Ingredient

The active ingredient in both formulations is flurbiprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug of the propionic acid class. Chemically, flurbiprofen is (RS)-2-(2-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)propanoic acid. It is a racemic mixture, meaning it contains equal proportions of the R- and S-enantiomers. The S-enantiomer is primarily responsible for the COX-inhibiting anti-inflammatory activity, while the R-enantiomer also contributes to the analgesic effect through COX-independent mechanisms.

  • Lozenge: Each lozenge contains 8.75 mg of flurbiprofen
  • Oromucosal spray: Each ml of solution contains 16.2 mg of flurbiprofen. Each spray actuation delivers approximately 0.27 ml, equating to approximately 4.4 mg of flurbiprofen per spray

Inactive Ingredients (Excipients)

The excipients vary between formulations. Common inactive ingredients include:

Lozenge:

  • Macrogol 300
  • Potassium hydroxide
  • Levomenthol
  • Flavouring agents (e.g. honey-lemon, mint, or berry flavour depending on the variant)
  • Sucralose (sweetener)
  • Isomalt (E953)

Spray solution:

  • Betadex (beta-cyclodextrin)
  • Anhydrous citric acid
  • Sodium hydroxide
  • Methylparaben (E218, preservative)
  • Flavouring agents (e.g. cherry-mint)
  • Purified water
Note for Patients with Diabetes or Phenylketonuria The lozenges contain isomalt and sucralose as sweetening agents. Isomalt may have a mild laxative effect. The lozenges are sugar-free and suitable for patients with diabetes. The product does not contain aspartame and is safe for patients with phenylketonuria (PKU). Always check the patient information leaflet of your specific product for the complete list of excipients, as formulations may vary between countries and batch versions.

Appearance

Flurbiprofen STADA lozenges are typically round, flat tablets that are designed to dissolve slowly in the mouth. They may be off-white to light coloured, depending on the flavour variant. The oromucosal spray is a clear to slightly opalescent solution supplied in a multi-dose spray bottle with a pump mechanism and protective cap.

Frequently Asked Questions About Flurbiprofen STADA

Flurbiprofen STADA is used for the short-term symptomatic relief of sore throat pain. It is effective for pain caused by viral pharyngitis (the most common cause of sore throats), bacterial pharyngitis, tonsillitis, and general upper respiratory tract infections. The active ingredient flurbiprofen is an NSAID that reduces inflammation and pain directly in the throat tissue. It is available as 8.75 mg lozenges and as an oromucosal spray solution (16.2 mg/ml), designed for adults and adolescents over 12 years of age.

Flurbiprofen STADA typically begins to relieve sore throat pain within 15 to 30 minutes of use. In clinical trials, patients reported statistically significant pain relief compared to placebo as early as 15 minutes after dissolving a single 8.75 mg lozenge. The analgesic effect generally lasts between 4 and 6 hours per dose, making it one of the faster-acting sore throat treatments available. The spray formulation also provides rapid relief due to direct mucosal absorption.

Flurbiprofen STADA lozenges and spray are generally not recommended for children under 12 years of age due to insufficient safety and efficacy data for this age group. Adolescents aged 12 to 17 years can use the product at the same dose as adults (one lozenge or 3 sprays every 3–6 hours, maximum 5 doses per day), preferably under adult supervision. For younger children, healthcare providers typically recommend paracetamol (acetaminophen) or ibuprofen oral suspensions as safe and effective alternatives.

No, although flurbiprofen and ibuprofen are both propionic acid NSAIDs, they are different chemical compounds with distinct pharmacological properties. Flurbiprofen is considerably more potent than ibuprofen – approximately 5 to 10 times on a milligram-for-milligram basis – which is why the low dose of 8.75 mg in lozenges provides effective pain relief. Unlike standard ibuprofen tablets (200–400 mg), flurbiprofen lozenges deliver the drug directly to the inflamed throat tissue, resulting in high local concentrations but low systemic absorption. You should not use flurbiprofen lozenges and ibuprofen tablets at the same time, as combining NSAIDs increases the risk of side effects without providing additional benefit.

Flurbiprofen STADA is strictly contraindicated during the third trimester of pregnancy (from week 28 onwards) because all NSAIDs may cause premature closure of the ductus arteriosus in the fetus and inhibit uterine contractions. During the first and second trimesters, use should be avoided unless considered essential by your doctor. Regarding breastfeeding, flurbiprofen passes into breast milk in very small quantities; short-term use (up to 3 days) of the low-dose lozenge or spray is generally considered compatible with breastfeeding, but you should consult your healthcare provider before use.

Flurbiprofen STADA is intended for short-term use only, typically for a maximum of 3 consecutive days. If your sore throat symptoms have not improved after 3 days, or if they worsen at any point, you should stop using the product and consult a healthcare professional. Persistent sore throat may indicate a bacterial infection requiring antibiotics, peritonsillar abscess, or another condition that needs medical evaluation. Prolonged unsupervised NSAID use, even at low topical doses, increases the risk of adverse effects.

References

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  2. British National Formulary (BNF). Flurbiprofen – Oropharyngeal use. NICE, 2025. Available from: BNF.
  3. Watson N, Nimmo WS, Christian J, et al. Relief of sore throat with the anti-inflammatory throat lozenge flurbiprofen 8.75 mg: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety. Int J Clin Pract. 2000;54(8):490–496.
  4. Benrimoj SI, Langford JH, Christian J, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of the anti-inflammatory throat lozenge flurbiprofen 8.75 mg in the treatment of sore throat. Clin Drug Investig. 2001;21(3):183–193.
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  6. NICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries. Sore throat – acute. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2024. Available from: NICE CKS.
  7. Shephard A, Smith G, Aspley S, Schachtel BP. Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies on flurbiprofen 8.75 mg lozenges in patients with/without group A or C streptococcal throat infection, with an assessment of clinical features of the sore throat condition in general practice. Int J Clin Pract. 2015;69(1):59–71. doi:10.1111/ijcp.12536.
  8. World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Model List of Essential Medicines – 23rd List. Geneva: WHO; 2023.
  9. Rainsford KD. Ibuprofen: pharmacology, efficacy and safety. Inflammopharmacology. 2009;17(6):275–342. doi:10.1007/s10787-009-0016-x.
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Editorial Team

This article was written and reviewed by the iMedic Medical Editorial Team, comprising licensed specialist physicians with expertise in clinical pharmacology, ENT medicine, and primary care.

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