Clopidogrel TAD
Antiplatelet Agent for Prevention of Blood Clots
Quick Facts About Clopidogrel TAD
Key Takeaways About Clopidogrel TAD
- Prevents life-threatening blood clots: Clopidogrel irreversibly inhibits platelet aggregation, reducing the risk of heart attack, ischaemic stroke, and cardiovascular death in patients with atherosclerotic disease
- Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT): Often prescribed together with aspirin after coronary stent placement or acute coronary syndrome for 6–12 months
- Avoid omeprazole and esomeprazole: These proton pump inhibitors significantly reduce clopidogrel’s effectiveness by inhibiting the CYP2C19 enzyme needed for drug activation
- Genetic variability matters: CYP2C19 poor metabolisers (2–14% of the population) may have reduced antiplatelet response – pharmacogenomic testing can guide therapy
- Stop 5–7 days before surgery: Clopidogrel must be discontinued before elective surgery to reduce bleeding risk, but only under medical supervision
What Is Clopidogrel TAD and What Is It Used For?
Clopidogrel TAD is an antiplatelet medication that prevents blood clots by stopping platelets from sticking together. It is prescribed to patients who have had a heart attack, ischaemic stroke, or who have peripheral arterial disease, as well as in combination with aspirin after coronary stent placement to prevent stent thrombosis.
Clopidogrel belongs to the thienopyridine class of antiplatelet agents and works by selectively and irreversibly blocking the P2Y12 adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor on the surface of platelets. Platelets are small blood cells that play a crucial role in forming blood clots. While clotting is essential for stopping bleeding after an injury, excessive or inappropriate clot formation inside blood vessels (thrombosis) can block blood flow and lead to heart attacks or strokes.
Clopidogrel is a prodrug, meaning it is inactive in its original form and must be converted into its active metabolite by liver enzymes, primarily CYP2C19. Once activated, the metabolite forms a disulfide bond with the platelet P2Y12 receptor, permanently blocking ADP-mediated platelet activation. Because this binding is irreversible, the antiplatelet effect lasts for the entire lifespan of the affected platelet, which is approximately 7 to 10 days. New platelets that are produced after the drug is stopped will function normally.
The primary indications for clopidogrel include:
- Secondary prevention after myocardial infarction (heart attack): Clopidogrel reduces the risk of recurrent cardiovascular events in patients who have experienced a heart attack, particularly when combined with aspirin as dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT)
- Secondary prevention after ischaemic stroke: In patients who have suffered a stroke caused by a blood clot, clopidogrel helps prevent further strokes and other vascular events
- Peripheral arterial disease (PAD): Clopidogrel reduces cardiovascular events in patients with established peripheral arterial disease affecting the legs or other extremities
- Acute coronary syndrome (ACS): In combination with aspirin, clopidogrel is used in patients with unstable angina or non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), including patients managed medically and those undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent placement
- Coronary stent thrombosis prevention: After coronary stent implantation, dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel and aspirin is essential to prevent potentially fatal stent thrombosis
The landmark CAPRIE trial (Clopidogrel versus Aspirin in Patients at Risk of Ischaemic Events), published in The Lancet in 1996, demonstrated that clopidogrel was slightly more effective than aspirin alone in reducing the combined risk of ischaemic stroke, myocardial infarction, and vascular death. The subsequent CURE trial (Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina to Prevent Recurrent Events) established the benefit of adding clopidogrel to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndrome, showing a 20% relative risk reduction in cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke.
Clopidogrel was first approved for medical use in 1997 and is included on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is one of the most widely prescribed antiplatelet medications worldwide and is available in numerous generic formulations, including Clopidogrel TAD, making it accessible and affordable for patients globally. The original branded version, Plavix, was once the second-best-selling drug in the world.
What Should You Know Before Taking Clopidogrel TAD?
Before starting clopidogrel, inform your doctor about all medical conditions (especially bleeding disorders or liver disease), all medications you are taking (particularly blood thinners and proton pump inhibitors), and any planned surgical procedures. Clopidogrel is contraindicated in patients with active pathological bleeding.
Contraindications
You should not take Clopidogrel TAD if any of the following apply to you:
- Allergy to clopidogrel or any of the excipients in the tablet – symptoms may include skin rash, swelling, or difficulty breathing. Rarely, clopidogrel allergy may present as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
- Active pathological bleeding – such as a bleeding peptic ulcer or intracranial haemorrhage. Clopidogrel inhibits platelet function and will worsen active bleeding
- Severe liver impairment – because clopidogrel requires hepatic metabolism for activation and severe liver disease may also increase bleeding risk due to impaired clotting factor synthesis
Warnings and Precautions
Talk to your doctor or pharmacist before taking Clopidogrel TAD if you have or have had any of the following conditions:
- Increased bleeding risk: Any condition that predisposes to bleeding, including recent trauma, recent surgery, or gastrointestinal ulcers. Clopidogrel should be used with caution in patients with lesions that have a tendency to bleed, such as gastrointestinal ulcers or intraocular conditions
- Planned surgery or dental procedures: Clopidogrel should be discontinued 5 to 7 days before elective surgery unless the antiplatelet effect is clinically necessary (e.g., within months of coronary stent placement). Always discuss with both your surgeon and cardiologist before stopping clopidogrel
- CYP2C19 poor metaboliser status: Patients who are genetic poor metabolisers of CYP2C19 may have reduced conversion of clopidogrel to its active metabolite, resulting in diminished antiplatelet effect and potentially higher rates of cardiovascular events. Pharmacogenomic testing is available and is recommended by some guidelines, particularly in patients undergoing PCI
- Renal impairment: Limited experience in patients with severe renal impairment. Use with caution
- Haematological disorders: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) has been reported rarely with clopidogrel use. Symptoms include thrombocytopenia, haemolytic anaemia, neurological findings, renal dysfunction, and fever. TTP is a medical emergency requiring immediate treatment with plasma exchange
- Recent ischaemic stroke: In the first 7 days after an acute ischaemic stroke, clopidogrel combined with aspirin has not been shown to be superior to clopidogrel alone, and the combination may increase bleeding risk in this early period
Premature discontinuation of clopidogrel, particularly within the first 12 months after coronary stent placement, significantly increases the risk of stent thrombosis – a life-threatening emergency where a blood clot forms inside the stent and blocks the coronary artery. Always consult your cardiologist before stopping or interrupting clopidogrel therapy.
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
The safety of clopidogrel during pregnancy has not been established in humans. Animal studies have not demonstrated direct harmful effects on pregnancy, embryonic or foetal development, parturition, or postnatal development. However, as a precautionary measure, clopidogrel should not be used during pregnancy unless clearly necessary and only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the foetus.
It is not known whether clopidogrel or its metabolites are excreted in human breast milk. Animal studies have shown that clopidogrel and its metabolites pass into breast milk. As a precaution, breastfeeding should be discontinued during treatment with clopidogrel. If you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or breastfeeding, discuss alternative treatment options with your doctor.
Driving and Operating Machinery
Clopidogrel has no known significant effect on the ability to drive or operate machinery. However, if you experience dizziness or confusion (which are uncommon side effects), you should avoid driving or operating machinery until the symptoms have resolved. Consult your doctor if these effects persist.
How Does Clopidogrel TAD Interact with Other Drugs?
The most clinically important drug interaction is with omeprazole and esomeprazole, which significantly reduce clopidogrel's antiplatelet effect by inhibiting CYP2C19. Clopidogrel also increases bleeding risk when combined with anticoagulants, other antiplatelet agents, or NSAIDs. Always tell your doctor about all medications you are taking.
Clopidogrel is a prodrug that requires conversion to its active thiol metabolite by hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, with CYP2C19 playing the most critical role. Any medication that inhibits CYP2C19 can reduce the formation of the active metabolite, thereby diminishing clopidogrel's antiplatelet effect. Additionally, because clopidogrel inhibits platelet function, combining it with other drugs that affect haemostasis increases the risk of bleeding.
Major Interactions
| Drug | Type | Effect | Recommendation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Omeprazole | CYP2C19 inhibitor | Reduces active metabolite by ~45%, significantly decreasing antiplatelet effect | Avoid. Use pantoprazole or lansoprazole instead |
| Esomeprazole | CYP2C19 inhibitor | Similar reduction in clopidogrel activation as omeprazole | Avoid. Use pantoprazole or lansoprazole instead |
| Warfarin | Anticoagulant | Significantly increased bleeding risk due to additive antihaemostatic effects | Avoid combination unless absolutely necessary. Close INR monitoring required |
| Fluconazole | CYP2C19 inhibitor | Moderate reduction in clopidogrel activation | Avoid or use alternative antifungal agent |
| Repaglinide | CYP2C8 substrate | Clopidogrel inhibits CYP2C8, increasing repaglinide exposure and hypoglycaemia risk | Monitor blood glucose closely. Consider dose adjustment of repaglinide |
Minor and Moderate Interactions
| Drug / Class | Effect | Management |
|---|---|---|
| Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) | Additive antiplatelet effect and increased bleeding risk | Intended combination in DAPT. Use low-dose aspirin (75–100 mg) |
| NSAIDs (ibuprofen, naproxen, etc.) | Increased gastrointestinal bleeding risk | Avoid concomitant use where possible. If needed, add gastroprotection (pantoprazole) |
| SSRIs (fluoxetine, sertraline, etc.) | SSRIs impair serotonin uptake in platelets, increasing bleeding risk when combined with antiplatelet agents | Monitor for bleeding symptoms. Consider gastroprotection if co-prescribed |
| Ticagrelor or Prasugrel | These are alternative P2Y12 inhibitors – no benefit from combining | Do not combine. Use one P2Y12 inhibitor at a time |
| Pantoprazole / Lansoprazole | Minimal effect on CYP2C19-mediated clopidogrel activation | Preferred PPIs when gastroprotection is needed during clopidogrel therapy |
The European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have both issued warnings regarding the concomitant use of clopidogrel with omeprazole or esomeprazole. The FDA added a boxed warning to the clopidogrel label in 2009 advising against this combination. Pantoprazole and lansoprazole are considered safe alternatives because they have a much weaker inhibitory effect on CYP2C19.
Always tell your doctor, pharmacist, and dentist that you are taking clopidogrel. This is especially important before starting any new medication, before any surgical or dental procedure, and if you experience any unusual bleeding or bruising. Carry a card or wear a medical alert bracelet indicating that you take antiplatelet medication.
What Is the Correct Dosage of Clopidogrel TAD?
The standard maintenance dose of Clopidogrel TAD is 75 mg once daily, taken with or without food. In certain clinical situations (such as acute coronary syndrome), treatment may begin with a loading dose of 300 mg to achieve rapid platelet inhibition. Always follow your doctor's instructions regarding dose and duration.
Adults
Recent myocardial infarction, recent ischaemic stroke, or established peripheral arterial disease
Dose: Clopidogrel 75 mg once daily, with or without food.
Treatment should be started within 35 days after myocardial infarction or between 7 days and 6 months after ischaemic stroke. Duration of treatment is determined by the treating physician based on individual risk factors, and may be lifelong in some patients.
Acute coronary syndrome (unstable angina / NSTEMI)
Loading dose: Clopidogrel 300 mg as a single dose (4 tablets at once).
Maintenance dose: Clopidogrel 75 mg once daily, in combination with aspirin (75–100 mg daily).
Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with clopidogrel and aspirin is typically continued for 12 months after an acute coronary event. Current ESC and AHA/ACC guidelines recommend 6–12 months of DAPT, with the exact duration individualised based on bleeding risk versus ischaemic risk.
After percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent
Loading dose: 300–600 mg as a single dose prior to or at the time of PCI.
Maintenance dose: 75 mg once daily in combination with aspirin.
DAPT duration: at least 6 months after drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation and at least 1 month after bare-metal stent (BMS) implantation, though 12 months is standard in many guidelines. Premature discontinuation significantly increases the risk of stent thrombosis.
Children and Adolescents
Clopidogrel is not recommended for use in children and adolescents below 18 years of age. The CLARINET study, which evaluated clopidogrel in neonates and infants with cyanotic congenital heart disease, did not demonstrate a benefit of clopidogrel over placebo when added to conventional therapy. There is insufficient evidence to support the use of clopidogrel in the paediatric population for any indication.
Elderly Patients
No dose adjustment is required for elderly patients. However, elderly individuals may be at increased risk of bleeding due to age-related changes in haemostasis, the higher prevalence of comorbidities, and concomitant medications that affect coagulation. Regular monitoring for signs and symptoms of bleeding is recommended. The treating physician should carefully weigh the benefits of antiplatelet therapy against the bleeding risk in each individual elderly patient.
Renal and Hepatic Impairment
Experience with clopidogrel in patients with severe renal impairment is limited. Clopidogrel should be used with caution in these patients. No dose adjustment is necessary for patients with mild to moderate renal impairment.
Clopidogrel should be used with caution in patients with moderate hepatic impairment who may have increased bleeding tendencies. In patients with severe hepatic impairment, clopidogrel is contraindicated because the liver is essential for converting the prodrug to its active metabolite.
Missed Dose
If you miss a dose of Clopidogrel TAD, take it as soon as you remember. However, if it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and take your next dose at the regular time. Do not take a double dose to make up for a forgotten dose. If you miss several doses in a row, contact your doctor for advice, as interrupted antiplatelet therapy may increase your cardiovascular risk.
Overdose
Overdose with clopidogrel may lead to prolonged bleeding time and subsequent bleeding complications. There is no specific antidote for clopidogrel. If bleeding occurs, appropriate supportive measures should be taken. Platelet transfusion may be considered to reverse the antiplatelet effect if rapid restoration of platelet function is required. If you suspect an overdose, seek medical attention immediately or contact your local poison control centre.
What Are the Side Effects of Clopidogrel TAD?
The most significant side effect of clopidogrel is increased bleeding risk, which is inherent to its antiplatelet mechanism. Common side effects include bruising (haematoma), nosebleeds (epistaxis), gastrointestinal bleeding, and diarrhoea. Rare but serious side effects include thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and severe haemorrhage.
Like all medicines, Clopidogrel TAD can cause side effects, although not everybody gets them. The side effects listed below are categorised by their frequency of occurrence based on clinical trial data and post-marketing surveillance. The most important side effect to be aware of is bleeding, which can range from minor bruising to life-threatening haemorrhage. Because clopidogrel inhibits platelet function, any cut or injury may bleed for longer than usual.
Common (affects 1 to 10 in every 100 people)
- Haematoma (bruising)
- Epistaxis (nosebleeds)
- Gastrointestinal haemorrhage (stomach or bowel bleeding)
- Diarrhoea
- Abdominal pain
- Dyspepsia (indigestion)
- Haematuria (blood in urine)
Uncommon (affects 1 to 10 in every 1,000 people)
- Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count)
- Leucopenia (low white blood cell count)
- Eosinophilia (raised eosinophils)
- Intracranial haemorrhage (bleeding in the brain)
- Headache, dizziness, and paraesthesia (tingling)
- Gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer
- Gastritis (stomach inflammation)
- Nausea, vomiting, flatulence, constipation
- Rash, pruritus (itching)
- Prolonged bleeding time
Rare (affects 1 to 10 in every 10,000 people)
- Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) – a medical emergency
- Severe neutropenia and agranulocytosis
- Aplastic anaemia / pancytopenia
- Severe bleeding events: retroperitoneal haemorrhage, ocular haemorrhage, pulmonary haemorrhage, joint bleeding
- Hepatitis, acute liver failure
- Vasculitis, hypotension
- Serum sickness, anaphylactoid reactions
- Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, erythema multiforme
- Angioedema
- Interstitial pneumonitis, eosinophilic pneumonia
Contact your doctor or emergency services immediately if you experience any of the following: unexplained or prolonged bleeding, blood in your stools (black tarry stools), blood in your urine, coughing up blood, severe or unusual bruising, sudden severe headache (possible intracranial haemorrhage), fever with unexplained bruising and confusion (possible TTP), or signs of an allergic reaction (swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat, difficulty breathing).
The overall incidence of bleeding in patients treated with clopidogrel 75 mg daily in clinical trials was comparable to that of aspirin 325 mg daily (9.3% vs 9.3% in the CAPRIE trial). However, the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding was lower with clopidogrel (2.0%) compared with aspirin (2.7%). When clopidogrel is combined with aspirin as DAPT, the overall bleeding risk increases. In the CURE trial, major bleeding occurred in 3.7% of patients receiving clopidogrel plus aspirin, compared with 2.7% in the aspirin-alone group.
If you notice any side effects not listed above, or if any of the listed side effects become severe, please tell your doctor or pharmacist. You can also report side effects directly to your national pharmacovigilance authority.
How Should You Store Clopidogrel TAD?
Store Clopidogrel TAD in the original packaging at room temperature (below 30°C) in a dry place, protected from moisture. Keep out of the sight and reach of children. Do not use after the expiry date printed on the packaging.
Clopidogrel TAD film-coated tablets should be stored in their original blister packaging or container to protect them from moisture and light. The recommended storage conditions are:
- Temperature: Store below 30°C (86°F). Do not refrigerate or freeze
- Moisture protection: Keep in the original packaging. Do not transfer to a pill organiser for long periods unless it is airtight
- Light protection: Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight
- Child safety: Keep out of the sight and reach of children at all times
Do not use Clopidogrel TAD after the expiry date (EXP) stated on the carton or blister strip. The expiry date refers to the last day of that month. If the tablets show any visible signs of deterioration (such as discolouration or crumbling), do not use them.
Do not dispose of unused medicines via household waste or wastewater. Return any unused or expired Clopidogrel TAD tablets to your pharmacy for safe disposal. This helps to protect the environment.
What Does Clopidogrel TAD Contain?
Each Clopidogrel TAD film-coated tablet contains 75 mg of clopidogrel (as clopidogrel hydrogen sulfate) as the active ingredient, plus several inactive excipients that aid in tablet manufacture, stability, and absorption.
The active substance is clopidogrel. Each film-coated tablet contains 75 mg of clopidogrel, present as clopidogrel hydrogen sulfate (also known as clopidogrel bisulfate). The hydrogen sulfate salt form is used because it provides good stability and bioavailability.
The inactive ingredients (excipients) typically found in clopidogrel film-coated tablets include:
- Tablet core: Mannitol, macrogol 6000, microcrystalline cellulose (E460), low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydrogenated castor oil
- Film coating: Hypromellose (E464), iron oxide red (E172), lactose monohydrate, triacetin (E1518), titanium dioxide (E171)
Clopidogrel TAD 75 mg tablets are typically pink or pink-brown, round, biconvex film-coated tablets. They may have a debossed marking on one side for identification purposes. The exact appearance may vary between manufacturers and batches.
Clopidogrel TAD tablets contain lactose monohydrate as an excipient in the film coating. If you have been told by your doctor that you have an intolerance to some sugars, contact your doctor before taking this medicine. The amount of lactose is very small but should be noted by patients with rare hereditary galactose intolerance, total lactase deficiency, or glucose-galactose malabsorption.
Frequently Asked Questions About Clopidogrel TAD
Clopidogrel TAD is an antiplatelet medication used to prevent blood clots in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. It is prescribed after a heart attack (myocardial infarction), ischaemic stroke, or for peripheral arterial disease. It is also widely used in combination with aspirin (dual antiplatelet therapy) after coronary stent placement and in patients with acute coronary syndrome to prevent further cardiovascular events such as stent thrombosis, recurrent heart attack, or stroke.
No, omeprazole and esomeprazole should be avoided while taking clopidogrel. These proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) strongly inhibit the CYP2C19 enzyme, which is essential for converting clopidogrel from its inactive prodrug form into its active antiplatelet metabolite. Studies have shown that omeprazole reduces clopidogrel's active metabolite by approximately 45%, which significantly diminishes its antiplatelet effect. If you need acid suppression while on clopidogrel, your doctor may prescribe pantoprazole or lansoprazole instead, as these have a much weaker effect on CYP2C19.
After coronary stent placement, dual antiplatelet therapy (clopidogrel plus aspirin) is typically recommended for 6 to 12 months, depending on the type of stent, the clinical scenario, and your individual bleeding risk. For drug-eluting stents, at least 6 months of DAPT is standard, though 12 months is recommended after acute coronary syndrome. Stopping clopidogrel too early after stent implantation can lead to stent thrombosis, a life-threatening emergency. The decision to stop or shorten DAPT should always be made by your cardiologist.
Clopidogrel is a prodrug that requires activation by the liver enzyme CYP2C19. Approximately 2–14% of the population are CYP2C19 poor metabolisers due to inherited genetic variations (loss-of-function alleles such as CYP2C19*2 and *3). These individuals cannot effectively convert clopidogrel into its active form, resulting in reduced platelet inhibition and a higher risk of cardiovascular events. The prevalence is highest in Asian populations (up to 14%). Pharmacogenomic testing can identify poor metabolisers, and alternative P2Y12 inhibitors such as ticagrelor or prasugrel – which do not depend on CYP2C19 for activation – may be recommended.
For most routine dental procedures (fillings, cleanings, simple extractions), clopidogrel does not need to be stopped. Local haemostatic measures (pressure, suturing, haemostatic agents) are usually sufficient to control bleeding. However, for more complex dental surgery (multiple extractions, implant placement, oral surgery), your dentist and cardiologist should discuss whether temporary discontinuation is appropriate. Never stop clopidogrel on your own without medical advice, especially if you have a coronary stent – the risk of stent thrombosis from stopping the drug may far outweigh the bleeding risk from a dental procedure.
Both clopidogrel and ticagrelor are P2Y12 receptor inhibitors that prevent platelet aggregation, but they differ in several important ways. Clopidogrel is a prodrug requiring CYP2C19 activation and binds irreversibly to the P2Y12 receptor, while ticagrelor is a direct-acting drug that binds reversibly. The PLATO trial showed ticagrelor was superior to clopidogrel in reducing cardiovascular death, heart attack, and stroke in patients with acute coronary syndrome, though with a higher rate of non-procedure-related bleeding and dyspnoea (shortness of breath). Ticagrelor must be taken twice daily (vs once daily for clopidogrel) and is not affected by CYP2C19 genetic variation. The choice between the two depends on the clinical scenario, bleeding risk, and local guidelines.
References
All medical information on this page is based on peer-reviewed research, international clinical guidelines, and official prescribing information. The following sources were consulted:
- CAPRIE Steering Committee. A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). The Lancet. 1996;348(9038):1329-1339. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)09457-3
- Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, et al. Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation (CURE trial). N Engl J Med. 2001;345(7):494-502. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa010746
- Wallentin L, Becker RC, Budaj A, et al. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes (PLATO trial). N Engl J Med. 2009;361(11):1045-1057. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0904327
- European Medicines Agency. Clopidogrel Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC). EMA. Updated 2024.
- Byrne RA, Rossello X, Coughlan JJ, et al. 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2023;44(38):3720-3826. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehad191
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- Scott SA, Sangkuhl K, Stein CM, et al. Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium guidelines for CYP2C19 genotype and clopidogrel therapy: 2013 update. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2013;94(3):317-323. doi:10.1038/clpt.2013.105
- World Health Organization. WHO Model List of Essential Medicines – 23rd List, 2023. Geneva: WHO; 2023.
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Antiplatelet treatment: Secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). NICE Clinical Knowledge Summary. Updated 2024.
- Gilard M, Arnaud B, Cornily JC, et al. Influence of omeprazole on the antiplatelet action of clopidogrel associated with aspirin: the randomized, double-blind OCLA study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51(3):256-260. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.06.064
Medical Editorial Team
This article has been written and reviewed by the iMedic Medical Editorial Team, comprising licensed physicians with specialist qualifications in cardiology, haematology, and clinical pharmacology.
Content authored by specialist physicians with expertise in cardiovascular medicine and antiplatelet pharmacotherapy, following international clinical guidelines (ESC, AHA/ACC, NICE) and the GRADE evidence framework.
Independently reviewed by the iMedic Medical Review Board for clinical accuracy, completeness, and adherence to current evidence-based medicine standards. All medical claims are supported by Level 1A evidence where available.
Conflict of Interest Disclosure: The iMedic Medical Editorial Team has no financial relationships with pharmaceutical companies. All content is independently produced without commercial sponsorship or advertising influence.
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