Calciflex-D3 Citron (Calcium + Vitamin D3)
Calcium carbonate 500 mg + Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) 400 IU – Film-coated tablet
Quick Facts about Calciflex-D3 Citron
Key Takeaways
- Dual-action formula: Combines calcium for direct bone mineralization with vitamin D3 to enhance calcium absorption from the gut
- Fracture prevention: Clinical evidence shows calcium plus vitamin D supplementation reduces fracture risk by 15–30% in elderly and postmenopausal women
- Take with food: Calcium carbonate requires stomach acid for absorption – taking it with meals significantly improves bioavailability
- Watch for interactions: Must be taken at least 2 hours apart from antibiotics, thyroid medications, and bisphosphonates to avoid absorption interference
- Do not exceed recommended dose: Excessive calcium intake may increase the risk of kidney stones and, in some studies, cardiovascular events
What Is Calciflex-D3 Citron and What Is It Used For?
Calciflex-D3 Citron is a combination medicine containing calcium (500 mg) and vitamin D3 (400 IU) used to prevent and treat calcium and vitamin D deficiency. It is commonly prescribed as a supplement alongside osteoporosis treatment, for elderly patients at risk of falls and fractures, and for individuals with inadequate dietary calcium or limited sun exposure.
Calciflex-D3 Citron belongs to the group of calcium and vitamin D combination supplements. Each film-coated tablet provides 500 mg of elemental calcium (from calcium carbonate) and 400 international units (IU) of cholecalciferol, also known as vitamin D3. The lemon-flavoured coating is designed to improve palatability and patient compliance with long-term supplementation.
Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the human body, with approximately 99% stored in bones and teeth. It plays a critical role in bone mineralization, muscle contraction, nerve signal transmission, and blood clotting. When dietary calcium intake is insufficient, the body draws calcium from bone reserves, gradually weakening skeletal structure and increasing fracture risk over time.
Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is essential for calcium metabolism. It is produced in the skin upon exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from sunlight and can also be obtained from dietary sources such as oily fish, egg yolks, and fortified foods. In the body, vitamin D3 undergoes two hydroxylation steps – first in the liver to form 25-hydroxyvitamin D (calcidiol), and then in the kidneys to form the active metabolite 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol). Calcitriol promotes intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate, regulates parathyroid hormone secretion, and supports bone remodeling.
The combination of calcium and vitamin D3 in a single tablet offers a synergistic approach to bone health: calcium provides the raw material for bone formation, while vitamin D3 ensures that the body can efficiently absorb and utilize this calcium. This combination has been extensively studied in large randomised controlled trials and is recommended by major international guidelines including the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF), and the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO).
Common indications
- Osteoporosis prevention and treatment: As an adjunct to specific osteoporosis therapies such as bisphosphonates, denosumab, or hormone replacement therapy
- Calcium and vitamin D deficiency: In patients with documented deficiency due to inadequate diet, malabsorption, or limited sun exposure
- Elderly patients: To reduce the risk of falls and fractures, particularly in those aged 65 and older living in care facilities
- Postmenopausal women: To counteract accelerated bone loss associated with declining oestrogen levels
- Corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis: Patients on long-term systemic corticosteroids who are at increased risk of bone density loss
What Should You Know Before Taking Calciflex-D3 Citron?
Do not take Calciflex-D3 Citron if you have hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, kidney stones, severe kidney disease, or hypervitaminosis D. Special caution is required in patients with sarcoidosis, mild to moderate kidney impairment, or those taking cardiac glycosides or thiazide diuretics.
Before starting Calciflex-D3 Citron, it is important to discuss your complete medical history with your healthcare provider. While calcium and vitamin D supplementation is generally well-tolerated, certain conditions and medications can create significant risks that must be carefully evaluated.
Contraindications
You should not take Calciflex-D3 Citron if you have any of the following conditions:
- Hypercalcemia: Elevated blood calcium levels, which can occur in conditions such as primary hyperparathyroidism, certain malignancies (particularly bone metastases and multiple myeloma), and excessive vitamin D intake
- Hypercalciuria: Excessive calcium excretion in urine, which increases the risk of kidney stone formation
- Nephrolithiasis: History of kidney stones containing calcium (calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate stones)
- Severe renal impairment: Patients with a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) below 30 mL/min, as the kidneys cannot properly regulate calcium and vitamin D metabolism
- Hypervitaminosis D: Excessive vitamin D levels in the blood, which can lead to dangerous hypercalcemia
- Known hypersensitivity: Allergy to any of the active substances or excipients in the formulation
Warnings and Precautions
Exercise caution and inform your doctor if you have:
- Sarcoidosis: This granulomatous disease can cause increased conversion of vitamin D to its active form, raising the risk of hypercalcemia. Serum and urine calcium levels should be monitored regularly
- Mild to moderate renal impairment: Calcium and vitamin D metabolism is altered in kidney disease. Your doctor may need to monitor calcium, phosphate, and creatinine levels
- Immobilisation: Prolonged bed rest combined with calcium supplementation can increase the risk of hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria
- History of kidney stones: Even without current stones, a history of nephrolithiasis warrants careful assessment of the benefit-risk balance
For patients on long-term calcium and vitamin D supplementation, particularly those with renal impairment, your healthcare provider may periodically check serum calcium, phosphate, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, as well as urinary calcium excretion, to ensure safe and effective dosing.
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
Calciflex-D3 Citron may be used during pregnancy and breastfeeding when clinically indicated, but only at doses that do not exceed the recommended daily intake. During pregnancy, the daily calcium intake should not exceed 1,500 mg and vitamin D intake should not exceed 600 IU (as recommended by most international guidelines), unless higher doses are specifically prescribed and monitored by a healthcare provider.
Excessive calcium intake during pregnancy may lead to hypercalcemia in the developing fetus, which has been associated with physical and mental developmental abnormalities. Vitamin D and its metabolites are excreted in breast milk, so mothers should be aware that the nursing infant is also receiving some of the supplemented vitamin D. In most cases, the amounts passed through breast milk are well within safe limits for the infant.
The European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) both recognise that adequate calcium and vitamin D intake during pregnancy is important for maternal skeletal health and fetal bone development. However, the principle of using the lowest effective dose should always apply.
How Does Calciflex-D3 Citron Interact with Other Drugs?
Calcium can significantly reduce the absorption of many important medications including antibiotics, thyroid hormones, and bisphosphonates. Always take Calciflex-D3 Citron at least 2 hours before or 4–6 hours after other medications. Thiazide diuretics and cardiac glycosides require particular caution due to risk of hypercalcemia and toxicity.
Drug interactions with calcium supplements are among the most clinically significant in everyday medicine. Calcium ions form insoluble complexes (chelates) with many drug molecules in the gastrointestinal tract, dramatically reducing their absorption. Understanding these interactions is essential for safe and effective medication management.
The timing of calcium intake relative to other medications is critical. As a general rule, Calciflex-D3 Citron should be taken at least 2 hours before or 4–6 hours after any medication known to interact with calcium. Your pharmacist or doctor can help you create a dosing schedule that minimises interaction risks.
| Medication | Interaction | Severity | Management |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tetracycline antibiotics (doxycycline, minocycline) | Calcium chelates tetracyclines, reducing absorption by up to 50–80% | Major | Take antibiotic 2 hours before or 6 hours after calcium |
| Fluoroquinolone antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin) | Calcium chelates fluoroquinolones, reducing absorption significantly | Major | Take antibiotic 2 hours before or 6 hours after calcium |
| Levothyroxine (thyroid hormone) | Calcium reduces levothyroxine absorption, potentially causing hypothyroidism | Major | Take levothyroxine at least 4 hours before calcium |
| Bisphosphonates (alendronate, risedronate) | Calcium reduces bisphosphonate absorption (already very low at 1–3%) | Major | Take bisphosphonate at least 30–60 min before calcium |
| Thiazide diuretics (hydrochlorothiazide) | Thiazides reduce urinary calcium excretion, increasing risk of hypercalcemia | Moderate | Monitor serum calcium levels regularly |
| Cardiac glycosides (digoxin) | Hypercalcemia potentiates digoxin toxicity, risk of arrhythmias | Major | Monitor digoxin levels and serum calcium closely |
| Iron supplements | Calcium reduces iron absorption by 30–50% when taken together | Moderate | Separate doses by at least 2 hours |
Major Interactions
The most clinically important interactions involve medications where reduced absorption can have serious consequences. Tetracycline and fluoroquinolone antibiotics rely on achieving adequate blood levels to effectively treat infections. If calcium supplementation reduces their absorption by 50–80%, the antibiotic treatment may fail entirely, potentially leading to worsening infection and antibiotic resistance.
Levothyroxine is another critical interaction partner. Patients with hypothyroidism depend on precise dosing of thyroid hormone replacement. Even a modest reduction in levothyroxine absorption from calcium can lead to subtherapeutic thyroid hormone levels, resulting in fatigue, weight gain, depression, and other symptoms of hypothyroidism. The recommendation is to take levothyroxine on an empty stomach, ideally first thing in the morning, and wait at least 4 hours before taking calcium.
Digoxin toxicity is a potentially life-threatening interaction. Elevated calcium levels increase myocardial sensitivity to digitalis glycosides, which can trigger serious cardiac arrhythmias including ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation. Any patient taking both digoxin and calcium supplements must have regular monitoring of both drug levels and serum calcium.
Minor Interactions
Some interactions are less clinically significant but still worth noting. Calcium may modestly reduce the absorption of certain beta-blockers (atenolol), oral corticosteroids, and some antifungal agents. While these interactions are generally of lesser clinical importance, maintaining a 2-hour separation between doses is still advisable as a precautionary measure.
High-fibre foods, phytic acid (found in whole grains and legumes), and oxalic acid (found in spinach and rhubarb) can reduce calcium absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. While this is a food interaction rather than a drug interaction, it is worth considering when timing your calcium supplement relative to meals.
What Is the Correct Dosage of Calciflex-D3 Citron?
The typical adult dose is one tablet once or twice daily, providing 500–1,000 mg calcium and 400–800 IU vitamin D3 per day. Tablets should be taken with food for optimal absorption. Dosage may be adjusted based on dietary intake, blood levels, and individual risk factors. Always follow your doctor's instructions.
The dosage of Calciflex-D3 Citron should be individualised based on the patient's dietary calcium intake, vitamin D status, age, body weight, and specific clinical indication. Your healthcare provider will determine the most appropriate dose for your situation. The following are general dosing guidelines based on major international recommendations.
Adults
Standard adult dosage
Dose: 1 tablet once or twice daily
Provides: 500–1,000 mg calcium + 400–800 IU vitamin D3 per day
Administration: Swallow whole with water, preferably with a meal
Duration: As directed by your healthcare provider; often long-term for osteoporosis prevention
The total recommended daily calcium intake (from diet plus supplements) for adults varies by age and sex. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recommends 950–1,000 mg/day for adults, while the Institute of Medicine (IOM) in the United States recommends 1,000–1,200 mg/day for women over 50 and men over 70. Since many adults obtain 300–600 mg of calcium daily from their diet, one to two tablets of Calciflex-D3 Citron typically bridges the gap to reach recommended levels.
For vitamin D, the recommended daily intake ranges from 600 IU (15 mcg) for most adults to 800 IU (20 mcg) for those aged 70 and over, according to IOM guidelines. The Endocrine Society suggests that higher doses (1,500–2,000 IU/day) may be needed to maintain optimal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels above 30 ng/mL (75 nmol/L), particularly in patients with limited sun exposure or darker skin pigmentation.
Children
Paediatric considerations
Calciflex-D3 Citron is generally formulated for adult use. For children and adolescents, dosing should be determined by a paediatrician based on age, weight, dietary intake, and clinical need. The calcium and vitamin D requirements for children vary significantly by age group, and specific paediatric formulations may be more appropriate.
Elderly
Elderly patients (65 years and older)
Dose: 1 tablet twice daily is commonly recommended
Provides: 1,000 mg calcium + 800 IU vitamin D3 per day
Rationale: Elderly patients have reduced capacity for vitamin D synthesis in the skin, decreased intestinal calcium absorption, and higher fracture risk. The combination of 1,000 mg calcium + 800 IU vitamin D3 daily has been shown in meta-analyses to reduce hip fracture risk by approximately 16% and non-vertebral fractures by 20%.
Note: Renal function should be assessed before starting, and serum calcium should be monitored periodically
Missed Dose
If you forget to take a dose of Calciflex-D3 Citron, take it as soon as you remember, provided it is not close to the time of your next scheduled dose. Do not take a double dose to make up for the missed one. Since calcium and vitamin D supplementation works through gradual accumulation and maintaining steady levels, missing an occasional dose is unlikely to significantly affect your overall treatment outcome. However, consistent daily intake is important for optimal benefit, so try to establish a routine that helps you remember your doses.
Overdose
Excessive intake of Calciflex-D3 Citron can lead to hypercalcemia (elevated blood calcium) and hypervitaminosis D. Symptoms of overdose may include:
- Nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite
- Excessive thirst and frequent urination
- Constipation and abdominal pain
- Muscle weakness and fatigue
- Confusion and impaired consciousness
- Kidney damage (in severe cases)
- Cardiac arrhythmias (in severe cases)
If you suspect an overdose, stop taking the medication immediately and seek urgent medical attention. Treatment involves intravenous fluid administration, diuretics to promote calcium excretion, and discontinuation of all calcium and vitamin D sources. In severe cases, haemodialysis may be necessary.
| Patient Group | Recommended Dose | Daily Calcium | Daily Vitamin D3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adults (19–64 years) | 1 tablet once or twice daily | 500–1,000 mg | 400–800 IU |
| Elderly (65+ years) | 1 tablet twice daily | 1,000 mg | 800 IU |
| Postmenopausal women | 1 tablet twice daily | 1,000 mg | 800 IU |
| Corticosteroid users | 1 tablet twice daily | 1,000 mg | 800 IU |
| Pregnant women | As directed by physician | Max 1,500 mg total | Max 600 IU |
What Are the Side Effects of Calciflex-D3 Citron?
Most patients tolerate Calciflex-D3 Citron well. Common side effects include constipation, bloating, and nausea. Uncommon effects include hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria. Rare side effects may include skin reactions and itching. Contact your doctor if you develop unusual thirst, frequent urination, or persistent digestive symptoms.
Like all medicines, Calciflex-D3 Citron can cause side effects, although not everybody gets them. The majority of reported side effects are gastrointestinal in nature and tend to be mild and self-limiting. The frequency classification below follows the standard Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) system used by the European Medicines Agency.
It is important to distinguish between expected, generally harmless side effects (such as mild constipation) and warning signs that may indicate a serious adverse reaction (such as symptoms of hypercalcemia). If you are unsure whether a symptom is related to your medication, always consult your healthcare provider.
Common (may affect up to 1 in 10 people)
- Constipation
- Flatulence (gas) and bloating
- Nausea
- Abdominal discomfort or mild stomach pain
- Diarrhoea (less common than constipation)
Uncommon (may affect up to 1 in 100 people)
- Hypercalcemia (elevated blood calcium – symptoms include thirst, frequent urination, fatigue)
- Hypercalciuria (elevated urinary calcium excretion)
- Loss of appetite
- Dry mouth
Rare (may affect up to 1 in 1,000 people)
- Skin rash, urticaria (hives), or itching
- Hypersensitivity reactions
- Milk-alkali syndrome (with excessive doses – hypercalcemia, metabolic alkalosis, renal impairment)
When to seek medical attention
Contact your healthcare provider promptly if you experience any of the following symptoms, which may indicate hypercalcemia or another serious adverse effect:
- Persistent nausea, vomiting, or severe constipation
- Excessive thirst and unusually frequent urination
- Unexplained muscle weakness, bone pain, or confusion
- Signs of an allergic reaction: skin rash, swelling of the face or throat, difficulty breathing
- Flank pain or blood in the urine (may indicate kidney stones)
The safety of long-term calcium and vitamin D supplementation has been extensively studied. A 2018 meta-analysis published in JAMA including over 50,000 participants found no significant increase in cardiovascular risk with calcium doses at or below 1,000 mg/day when combined with vitamin D. However, some earlier observational studies suggested a possible association between high-dose calcium supplementation (above 1,000–1,200 mg/day from supplements alone) and increased cardiovascular events. Current guidelines recommend obtaining as much calcium as possible from dietary sources, with supplements used to bridge the gap.
How Should You Store Calciflex-D3 Citron?
Store Calciflex-D3 Citron below 25°C in the original packaging to protect from moisture and light. Keep out of reach of children. Do not use after the expiry date printed on the packaging.
Proper storage of Calciflex-D3 Citron is important to maintain the potency and safety of the medication throughout its shelf life. Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is particularly sensitive to degradation by light and heat, which is why the film-coated tablet formulation provides an additional protective layer.
- Temperature: Store at or below 25°C (77°F). Do not freeze. Avoid storing near heat sources such as radiators or in direct sunlight
- Moisture: Keep the tablets in the original blister pack or container with the desiccant (if provided) to protect from humidity. Bathroom cabinets are not ideal storage locations due to frequent temperature and humidity fluctuations
- Light: Protect from direct light. The original packaging is designed to shield the tablets from UV degradation
- Children: Keep this medicine out of the sight and reach of children. Consider using a locked medicine cabinet or high shelf
- Expiry date: Do not use Calciflex-D3 Citron after the expiry date (EXP) printed on the outer carton and blister. The expiry date refers to the last day of that month
- Disposal: Do not dispose of unused tablets in household waste or wastewater. Return unused medicine to your pharmacist for proper disposal in accordance with local environmental regulations
What Does Calciflex-D3 Citron Contain?
Each film-coated tablet contains two active substances: calcium carbonate providing 500 mg elemental calcium, and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) 400 IU (10 micrograms). Excipients include citric acid for lemon flavouring, along with standard tableting agents.
Active ingredients
- Calcium carbonate: Equivalent to 500 mg elemental calcium. Calcium carbonate contains approximately 40% elemental calcium by weight, making it one of the most concentrated calcium salt forms available. It requires gastric acid for dissolution and absorption
- Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3): 400 IU (10 micrograms). Cholecalciferol is the naturally occurring form of vitamin D produced in the skin. It is more effective than ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) at raising and maintaining serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels
Excipients (inactive ingredients)
The film-coated tablet also contains various inactive ingredients that serve specific functions in the manufacturing process, stability, and taste of the product. These typically include:
- Citric acid: Provides the characteristic lemon flavour and may slightly aid calcium dissolution
- Lemon flavouring: Improves palatability for better patient compliance
- Magnesium stearate: Lubricant used during tablet compression
- Microcrystalline cellulose: Binder and disintegrant
- Croscarmellose sodium: Superdisintegrant to aid tablet dissolution
- Hypromellose: Film-coating agent that provides the protective coating
- Sucrose: Used in the vitamin D3 preparation as a carrier
- Modified starch: Filler and binder
- DL-alpha-tocopherol: Antioxidant to protect vitamin D3 from degradation
Calciflex-D3 Citron contains sucrose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of fructose intolerance, glucose-galactose malabsorption, or sucrase-isomaltase insufficiency should not take this medicine. If you have any known food allergies or intolerances, review the full list of excipients in the patient information leaflet or consult your pharmacist.
Frequently Asked Questions about Calciflex-D3 Citron
Calciflex-D3 Citron is used to prevent and treat calcium and vitamin D deficiency, particularly in elderly patients at risk of osteoporosis and fractures. It is commonly prescribed as a supplement alongside specific osteoporosis medications such as bisphosphonates or denosumab. The combination helps maintain bone density, supports bone remodeling, and reduces the risk of fractures. It is also used in patients with documented vitamin D deficiency due to limited sun exposure, malabsorption syndromes, or inadequate dietary intake.
For optimal absorption, take Calciflex-D3 Citron with a meal. Calcium carbonate requires stomach acid for dissolution, and gastric acid production increases during eating. Swallow the tablet whole with a glass of water. If you are taking two tablets daily, it is better to split the doses (one with breakfast and one with dinner) rather than taking both at once, as the body absorbs calcium more efficiently in smaller amounts (500 mg or less at a time). Avoid taking it with high-fibre meals, as phytic acid in whole grains can reduce calcium absorption.
You should not take Calciflex-D3 Citron at the same time as levothyroxine (thyroid medication). Calcium can significantly reduce the absorption of levothyroxine, potentially leading to inadequate thyroid hormone levels. The recommended approach is to take levothyroxine first thing in the morning on an empty stomach and wait at least 4 hours before taking your calcium supplement. This ensures that the thyroid medication is fully absorbed before calcium enters the digestive tract. Discuss the optimal dosing schedule with your doctor or pharmacist.
The relationship between calcium supplements and kidney stones is nuanced. The Women's Health Initiative study showed a modest increase in kidney stone risk with calcium plus vitamin D supplementation. However, this finding has been debated, as dietary calcium (from food) actually appears to reduce kidney stone risk by binding oxalate in the gut. The current consensus is that calcium supplementation at recommended doses (up to 1,000–1,200 mg/day total intake) combined with adequate fluid intake does not significantly increase kidney stone risk in most people. Patients with a history of calcium-containing kidney stones should discuss the risks and benefits with their doctor before starting supplementation.
The duration of treatment depends on your clinical indication. For osteoporosis prevention and treatment, calcium and vitamin D supplementation is typically a long-term or lifelong commitment, particularly for postmenopausal women and elderly patients. For documented vitamin D deficiency, your doctor may prescribe a higher initial loading dose followed by a maintenance dose, with periodic blood tests to monitor your vitamin D levels. For corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis prevention, supplementation should continue for as long as you are taking corticosteroids. Always follow your healthcare provider's guidance on treatment duration.
The evidence base for calcium and vitamin D supplementation in osteoporosis is substantial. A landmark Cochrane systematic review (2014, updated 2018) found that calcium plus vitamin D supplementation reduces the risk of hip fractures by approximately 16% and all fractures by 6–11% in older adults. The DIPART individual patient data meta-analysis of over 68,000 participants confirmed that vitamin D combined with calcium reduces the risk of any fracture (HR 0.92) and hip fracture (HR 0.84). Major guidelines from the IOF, ESCEO, and the National Osteoporosis Foundation all recommend calcium and vitamin D as foundational therapy for osteoporosis management.
References
This article is based on international guidelines, systematic reviews, and authoritative drug information sources. All medical claims are supported by evidence level 1A where available.
- Weaver CM, et al. “Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and risk of fractures: an updated meta-analysis from the National Osteoporosis Foundation.” Osteoporosis International. 2016;27(1):367–376. DOI: 10.1007/s00198-015-3386-5
- DIPART Group. “Patient level pooled analysis of 68,500 patients from seven major vitamin D fracture trials.” BMJ. 2010;340:b5463. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.b5463
- Avenell A, et al. “Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures in post-menopausal women and older men.” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014;(4):CD000227.
- European Medicines Agency (EMA). SmPC guidance for calcium and vitamin D combination products. Available at: www.ema.europa.eu
- Institute of Medicine (IOM). “Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D.” Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2011.
- Bolland MJ, et al. “Calcium intake and risk of fracture: systematic review.” BMJ. 2015;351:h4580. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.h4580
- Harvey NC, et al. “The role of calcium supplementation in healthy musculoskeletal ageing.” Osteoporosis International. 2017;28(2):447–462.
- British National Formulary (BNF). Calcium carbonate with colecalciferol. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE).
- World Health Organization (WHO). “WHO Model List of Essential Medicines.” 23rd List (2023).
- European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis (ESCEO). “Recommendations for calcium and vitamin D intake in the management of osteoporosis.” 2022.
About the Medical Editorial Team
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Level 1A evidence from systematic reviews and randomised controlled trials where available
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