Apremilast STADA Nordic: Uses, Dosage & Side Effects
A selective PDE4 inhibitor for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis, moderate to severe plaque psoriasis, and oral ulcers associated with Behçet's disease
Apremilast STADA Nordic is a prescription oral medication containing apremilast, a selective phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor used to treat three distinct inflammatory conditions: active psoriatic arthritis in adults who have had an inadequate response or intolerance to prior disease-modifying therapy, moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis in adults who are candidates for systemic therapy, and oral ulcers associated with Behçet's disease. By inhibiting PDE4, apremilast modulates the immune response by reducing levels of key pro-inflammatory cytokines while increasing anti-inflammatory mediators. The maintenance dose is 30 mg taken twice daily by mouth, following an initial titration schedule over the first five days to minimize gastrointestinal side effects.
Quick Facts: Apremilast STADA Nordic
Key Takeaways
- Apremilast STADA Nordic is an oral PDE4 inhibitor approved for three conditions: active psoriatic arthritis, moderate to severe plaque psoriasis, and oral ulcers in Behçet's disease, offering a targeted mechanism that works differently from traditional immunosuppressants.
- The recommended maintenance dose is 30 mg twice daily, reached through a gradual 5-day titration schedule starting at 10 mg once daily, which helps reduce initial gastrointestinal side effects such as diarrhea and nausea.
- Unlike biologic therapies, apremilast does not require routine laboratory monitoring for immunosuppression, does not increase risk of serious infections, and can be taken orally rather than by injection.
- The most common side effects are gastrointestinal (diarrhea, nausea) and typically resolve within the first four weeks of treatment; weight and mood should be monitored during therapy.
- Apremilast is contraindicated during pregnancy due to reproductive toxicity observed in animal studies, and strong CYP3A4 inducers such as rifampicin should be avoided as they significantly reduce drug exposure.
What Is Apremilast STADA Nordic and What Is It Used For?
Apremilast STADA Nordic is a generic formulation of apremilast, originally developed and marketed under the brand name Otezla. It belongs to the pharmacological class of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors, representing a distinct therapeutic approach to treating immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Unlike traditional immunosuppressants that broadly suppress the immune system or biologics that target specific extracellular cytokines, apremilast works intracellularly by inhibiting the PDE4 enzyme, which is the predominant phosphodiesterase found in inflammatory and immune cells including T cells, monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and keratinocytes.
The enzyme PDE4 is responsible for the degradation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), a critical second messenger molecule within cells. When apremilast inhibits PDE4, intracellular cAMP levels rise. Elevated cAMP activates protein kinase A (PKA), which in turn phosphorylates and modulates the activity of several transcription factors, most notably CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) and NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells). This modulation results in a shift in the balance of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators: levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-17 (IL-17), interleukin-23 (IL-23), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and other pro-inflammatory cytokines are reduced, while the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-10 (IL-10) is increased.
This unique mechanism of action means that apremilast does not cause the broad immunosuppression associated with older systemic therapies such as methotrexate, ciclosporin, or corticosteroids. Nor does it carry the same risk profile as biologic agents that completely block specific cytokine pathways. Instead, apremilast fine-tunes the inflammatory response, making it a useful option for patients who may not be candidates for or who prefer to avoid injectable biologic therapies. Because apremilast does not suppress the overall immune system in a clinically significant way, routine laboratory monitoring for immune function, liver toxicity, or kidney function is generally not required during treatment, which is a notable practical advantage.
Approved Indications
Apremilast STADA Nordic is approved for three distinct conditions in adult patients:
- Active psoriatic arthritis (PsA): Apremilast is indicated for adult patients with active psoriatic arthritis who have had an inadequate response to or who are intolerant of a prior disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy. In the pivotal PALACE clinical trial program (PALACE 1, 2, 3, and 4), apremilast 30 mg twice daily demonstrated statistically significant improvements in signs and symptoms of PsA, including joint tenderness and swelling (as measured by ACR20 response rates), physical function, dactylitis, and enthesitis, compared with placebo at week 16. These benefits were sustained over 52 weeks and beyond in long-term extension studies.
- Moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis: Apremilast is approved for the treatment of moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis in adult patients who have failed to respond to, have a contraindication to, or are intolerant of other systemic therapy including ciclosporin, methotrexate, or psoralen and ultraviolet-A light (PUVA). In the ESTEEM 1 and ESTEEM 2 phase III trials, apremilast 30 mg twice daily led to significantly greater reductions in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) scores compared with placebo. At week 16, significantly more patients receiving apremilast achieved PASI-75 (75% reduction from baseline) compared with placebo.
- Oral ulcers associated with Behçet's disease: Apremilast is also approved for the treatment of oral ulcers associated with Behçet's disease in adult patients. In the BCT-002 trial, apremilast 30 mg twice daily significantly reduced the number of oral ulcers and pain compared with placebo at week 12. This was the first FDA-approved therapy specifically for Behçet's disease-related oral ulcers.
Apremilast can be used alone (monotherapy) or in combination with other therapies, including DMARDs such as methotrexate, for psoriatic arthritis. The pivotal clinical trials included patients who were using concomitant methotrexate, and no adverse drug interactions were observed. This flexibility makes apremilast a versatile treatment option that can be integrated into various management strategies depending on the individual patient's needs and disease severity.
Apremilast's efficacy has been demonstrated in multiple large, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III trials. The PALACE program (over 1,400 patients) established its role in psoriatic arthritis, while the ESTEEM program (over 1,250 patients) confirmed its benefits in plaque psoriasis. The BCT-002 trial provided pivotal evidence for oral ulcers in Behçet's disease. Long-term safety data from over 6,000 patient-years of exposure support a consistent and manageable safety profile.
What Should You Know Before Taking Apremilast STADA Nordic?
Contraindications
Apremilast STADA Nordic must not be used in the following situations:
- Hypersensitivity: Do not take apremilast if you are allergic to apremilast or any of the other ingredients in the tablet. Allergic reactions may include rash, swelling, or difficulty breathing.
- Pregnancy: Apremilast is contraindicated during pregnancy. Studies in animals have shown reproductive toxicity, including increased embryofetal loss and reduced fetal weights. Women of childbearing potential must use effective contraception to prevent pregnancy during treatment.
Warnings and Precautions
Several important warnings and precautions should be considered before and during treatment with apremilast:
- Depression and suicidal ideation: Apremilast treatment has been associated with an increased risk of psychiatric disorders, including depression and, rarely, suicidal ideation and behavior. Patients and caregivers should be advised to notify the prescribing physician of any changes in mood, behavior, or feelings of depression. If new or worsening psychiatric symptoms develop, particularly suicidal thoughts, treatment should be carefully reassessed. Patients with a pre-existing history of depression or suicidal ideation should be closely monitored.
- Body weight decrease: Body weight should be monitored regularly during treatment. In clinical trials, weight loss of 5–10% of body weight was observed in approximately 10% of patients treated with apremilast. Weight loss was generally reported as mild to moderate. If clinically significant weight loss occurs, particularly in underweight patients, consideration should be given to discontinuing treatment.
- Severe renal impairment: In patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance less than 30 mL/min), the dose of apremilast should be reduced to 30 mg once daily instead of the usual twice-daily regimen. Only the evening doses should be omitted during the initial titration period. No dose adjustment is needed for mild or moderate renal impairment.
- Lactose intolerance: The film-coated tablets contain lactose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, total lactase deficiency, or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicinal product.
- Gastrointestinal disorders: Diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting are commonly reported, particularly during the first two weeks of treatment. These are generally mild to moderate in severity and resolve without intervention. However, severe diarrhea, nausea, or vomiting may require dose reduction or treatment discontinuation in some patients. Patients should be counseled about these expected initial side effects and reassured that they typically improve with continued treatment.
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
Apremilast is contraindicated in pregnancy. In preclinical studies, apremilast demonstrated reproductive toxicity in mice at exposures lower than the maximum recommended human dose, with findings including embryofetal loss, decreased fetal weight, and skeletal variations. A pregnancy test is recommended before initiating treatment in women of childbearing potential, and effective contraception should be used throughout treatment and for at least 28 days after the last dose.
It is not known whether apremilast or its metabolites are excreted in human breast milk. Due to the potential for serious adverse reactions in breastfeeding infants, a decision must be made whether to discontinue breastfeeding or to discontinue apremilast therapy, taking into account the benefit of breastfeeding for the child and the benefit of therapy for the mother. As a precaution, apremilast should not be used during breastfeeding.
There are no adequate data on the effects of apremilast on human fertility. In animal studies, apremilast had no effect on fertility parameters in male or female mice at the doses tested. However, if you are planning to become pregnant, you should discuss this with your doctor before starting treatment.
Apremilast must NOT be used during pregnancy. Women of childbearing potential must use effective contraception during treatment. If you become pregnant while taking apremilast, stop the medication immediately and contact your doctor. A pregnancy test is recommended before starting treatment.
How Does Apremilast STADA Nordic Interact with Other Drugs?
Apremilast is primarily metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, with CYP3A4 being the major metabolic pathway, followed by non-CYP-mediated metabolism including glutathione conjugation and hydrolysis. Understanding these metabolic pathways is important because co-administration with drugs that significantly affect CYP3A4 activity can alter apremilast blood levels and potentially affect its efficacy or safety. However, compared with many immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory agents, apremilast has a relatively favorable drug interaction profile.
Major Interactions
The following interactions are considered clinically significant and may require avoidance or dose modifications:
| Drug | Effect | Clinical Recommendation |
|---|---|---|
| Rifampicin | Strong CYP3A4 inducer; reduces apremilast AUC by approximately 72% | Co-administration is not recommended; may result in loss of therapeutic effect |
| Phenobarbital | Strong CYP3A4 inducer; significantly reduces apremilast exposure | Co-administration is not recommended |
| Carbamazepine | Strong CYP3A4 inducer; significantly reduces apremilast exposure | Co-administration is not recommended |
| Phenytoin | Strong CYP3A4 inducer; significantly reduces apremilast exposure | Co-administration is not recommended |
| St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) | Herbal CYP3A4 inducer; may reduce apremilast exposure | Avoid concurrent use |
Minor Interactions and Safe Combinations
The following medications have been studied in interaction trials and found to have no clinically significant impact on apremilast pharmacokinetics or vice versa:
- Methotrexate: In a drug interaction study, co-administration of apremilast with methotrexate did not result in clinically significant changes in the pharmacokinetics of either drug. Apremilast can be safely used with methotrexate without dose adjustment, and this combination has been used in psoriatic arthritis clinical trials.
- Ketoconazole: Co-administration with the strong CYP3A4 inhibitor ketoconazole increased apremilast AUC by only approximately 36%, which is not considered clinically significant. No dose adjustment is required.
- Oral contraceptives: Apremilast does not affect the pharmacokinetics of combined oral contraceptives containing ethinyl estradiol and norgestimate. No dose adjustment or additional contraceptive precaution is needed.
- Warfarin and other anticoagulants: No clinically significant interaction has been observed. However, as with any new medication, monitoring is recommended when initiating or changing therapy.
- Other DMARDs: In clinical trials, apremilast was safely used in combination with various DMARDs including sulfasalazine, leflunomide, and hydroxychloroquine without increased toxicity.
If you are taking any medications that affect CYP3A4 enzyme activity, inform your doctor before starting apremilast. A complete medication review, including over-the-counter products and herbal supplements, should be conducted. The relatively favorable interaction profile of apremilast is one of its practical advantages, as it allows combination with many other treatments commonly used in patients with inflammatory conditions.
What Is the Correct Dosage of Apremilast STADA Nordic?
Adults
The recommended dose of apremilast for all three approved indications (psoriatic arthritis, plaque psoriasis, and oral ulcers in Behçet's disease) is 30 mg taken orally twice daily, approximately 12 hours apart. However, to reduce the incidence and severity of gastrointestinal adverse events, treatment should be initiated using a titration schedule over the first 5 days:
| Day | Morning Dose | Evening Dose |
|---|---|---|
| Day 1 | 10 mg | — |
| Day 2 | 10 mg | 10 mg |
| Day 3 | 10 mg | 20 mg |
| Day 4 | 20 mg | 20 mg |
| Day 5 | 20 mg | 30 mg |
| Day 6 onwards | 30 mg | 30 mg |
The tablets can be taken with or without food. They should be swallowed whole and not crushed, split, or chewed. Apremilast is available in a starter pack that contains the exact tablets needed for the 5-day titration period, making it easy for patients to follow the correct dosing schedule. After the initial titration, the patient continues with 30 mg twice daily indefinitely or as directed by their healthcare provider.
Children
The safety and efficacy of apremilast have not been established in children and adolescents under 18 years of age. Therefore, apremilast is not recommended for use in pediatric patients. No data are currently available regarding appropriate dosing for this population.
Elderly
No dose adjustment is required for elderly patients. In clinical trials, patients aged 65 and older were included, and no overall differences in safety or efficacy were observed between these patients and younger adults. However, as with any medication in elderly patients, particular care should be taken regarding renal function, body weight monitoring, and the potential for co-morbid conditions or concurrent medications. Clinical experience in patients over 75 years of age is limited.
Renal Impairment
Dose Adjustment for Severe Renal Impairment
In patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance < 30 mL/min as estimated by the Cockcroft-Gault equation), the dose of apremilast should be reduced to 30 mg once daily (morning dose only). During the initial titration, only morning doses should be given (i.e., skip the evening doses on Days 2–5). No dose adjustment is needed for mild or moderate renal impairment.
Missed Dose
If you miss a dose of apremilast, take it as soon as you remember. However, if it is nearly time for your next scheduled dose, skip the missed dose and take your next dose at the regular time. Do not take a double dose to make up for a forgotten dose. It is helpful to take apremilast at regular intervals, approximately 12 hours apart (for example, at 8 am and 8 pm), to maintain consistent drug levels in the body.
Overdose
Apremilast has been studied at doses up to 100 mg daily (50 mg twice daily) in healthy subjects and up to 40 mg twice daily in patients in clinical trials, without serious toxicity. In the event of an overdose, patients should be monitored for any signs or symptoms of adverse effects. Appropriate supportive treatment should be provided as necessary. Because apremilast is highly protein-bound (approximately 68%), dialysis is unlikely to be effective for drug removal. There is no specific antidote for apremilast overdose.
Always follow the initial titration schedule to minimize gastrointestinal side effects. Do not skip the titration and start directly at the full dose. If you need to restart treatment after an interruption of more than a few days, consult your doctor about whether the titration schedule should be repeated.
What Are the Side Effects of Apremilast STADA Nordic?
Like all medicines, apremilast can cause side effects, although not everybody gets them. In clinical trials involving over 4,000 patients, the overall safety profile of apremilast was well characterized. Gastrointestinal adverse events, particularly diarrhea and nausea, are the most frequently reported side effects and are most likely to occur during the initial weeks of treatment. These events are generally mild to moderate in severity and tend to resolve spontaneously as the body adjusts to the medication, typically within the first four weeks. The 5-day dose titration schedule is specifically designed to minimize these initial gastrointestinal symptoms.
The following side effects have been reported in clinical trials and post-marketing experience with apremilast, organized by frequency:
Very Common (may affect more than 1 in 10 people)
Reported in >10% of patients in clinical trials
- Diarrhea (most common in the first 2 weeks; usually resolves within 4 weeks)
- Nausea (most common in the first 2 weeks; usually resolves within 4 weeks)
- Upper respiratory tract infections (nasopharyngitis, common cold)
Common (may affect up to 1 in 10 people)
Reported in 1–10% of patients in clinical trials
- Headache and tension headache
- Migraine
- Vomiting
- Dyspepsia (indigestion)
- Abdominal pain (upper)
- Frequent bowel movements
- Decreased appetite
- Weight decrease
- Back pain
- Fatigue
- Insomnia
- Cough
- Bronchitis
Uncommon (may affect up to 1 in 100 people)
Reported in 0.1–1% of patients in clinical trials
- Depression
- Hypersensitivity reactions (rash, urticaria)
- Gastrointestinal hemorrhage
- Severe diarrhea requiring hospitalization
Rare (may affect up to 1 in 1,000 people)
Reported in <0.1% of patients
- Suicidal ideation and behavior
- Angioedema
- Severe hypersensitivity reactions
In addition to the above side effects, clinical trials also demonstrated that most gastrointestinal adverse events occurred within the first two weeks of treatment and resolved within four weeks, even with continued therapy. Patients who experienced severe diarrhea, nausea, or vomiting were generally managed with dose reduction or temporary interruption of treatment. The discontinuation rate due to adverse events in the pivotal trials was relatively low, with approximately 5–7% of apremilast-treated patients discontinuing due to adverse events versus 4–5% in placebo groups.
Weight loss observed in clinical trials was generally modest (mean weight decrease of approximately 1.5–2.0 kg) and occurred gradually over the first months of treatment. However, approximately 10% of patients experienced weight loss of 5–10% of body weight, and about 2% lost more than 10%. Weight should therefore be monitored regularly, especially in patients who are underweight at baseline or who have conditions where weight loss could be clinically significant.
Long-term safety data from extension studies covering up to 5 years of exposure have not revealed any new or unexpected safety signals. The rates of serious infections, malignancies, and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in apremilast-treated patients were comparable to those observed in the placebo groups and in the general population with similar disease profiles. This long-term safety data provides reassurance about the chronic use of apremilast in the management of psoriatic disease and Behçet's disease.
Contact your doctor immediately if you experience: new or worsening depression, suicidal thoughts or self-harm behaviors, severe and persistent diarrhea, signs of allergic reaction (difficulty breathing, rash, swelling of face or throat), or unexplained significant weight loss. If you have thoughts of harming yourself, contact emergency services or a crisis helpline immediately.
How Should You Store Apremilast STADA Nordic?
Proper storage of medications is essential to maintain their effectiveness and safety throughout their shelf life. Apremilast STADA Nordic film-coated tablets should be stored at a temperature not exceeding 30°C (86°F). There is no need for refrigeration. Store the tablets in the original packaging to protect them from light and moisture. The blister packs provide additional protection against environmental factors that could degrade the active substance.
Keep this medicine out of the sight and reach of children. Do not use Apremilast STADA Nordic after the expiry date which is stated on the blister and carton after "EXP." The expiry date refers to the last day of that month. Do not throw away any medicines via wastewater or household waste. Ask your pharmacist how to throw away medicines you no longer use. These measures will help protect the environment.
If you are using the starter pack for the initial titration period, follow the days clearly marked on the packaging to ensure you take the correct dose each day. The starter pack is designed with clear labeling to guide patients through the escalating dose schedule. After completing the starter pack, you will switch to the regular 30 mg tablets for ongoing twice-daily dosing.
What Does Apremilast STADA Nordic Contain?
The active substance in Apremilast STADA Nordic is apremilast. Each film-coated tablet contains the following amount of active substance depending on the strength:
- 10 mg tablet: Each film-coated tablet contains 10 mg of apremilast. These tablets are typically pink, diamond-shaped, and marked with "APR" on one side and "10" on the other.
- 20 mg tablet: Each film-coated tablet contains 20 mg of apremilast. These tablets are typically brown, diamond-shaped, and marked with "APR" on one side and "20" on the other.
- 30 mg tablet: Each film-coated tablet contains 30 mg of apremilast. These tablets are typically beige, diamond-shaped, and marked with "APR" on one side and "30" on the other.
The other ingredients (excipients) in the tablet core include: lactose monohydrate, microcrystalline cellulose, croscarmellose sodium, and magnesium stearate. The film coating contains polyvinyl alcohol, titanium dioxide (E171), macrogol, talc, and iron oxide pigments (E172) that give each strength its distinctive color. Patients with known lactose intolerance should be aware of the lactose content and discuss this with their healthcare provider.
Apremilast STADA Nordic is a generic version of the originator product Otezla. As a generic medicine, it has been shown to be bioequivalent to the reference product, meaning it delivers the same amount of active substance into the body at the same rate. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) has confirmed that Apremilast STADA Nordic meets all regulatory requirements for quality, safety, and efficacy expected of a generic medicinal product.
Frequently Asked Questions About Apremilast STADA Nordic
Apremilast STADA Nordic is approved for three conditions in adults: active psoriatic arthritis in patients who have had an inadequate response to disease-modifying therapies, moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis in patients who are candidates for systemic therapy, and oral ulcers associated with Behçet's disease. It works by inhibiting the PDE4 enzyme, which helps reduce inflammation by modulating the immune response.
Take Apremilast STADA Nordic exactly as your doctor has told you. The maintenance dose is 30 mg twice daily, approximately 12 hours apart. Treatment starts with a gradual dose increase over 5 days using a starter pack: Day 1 (10 mg morning), Day 2 (10 mg morning + 10 mg evening), Day 3 (10 mg morning + 20 mg evening), Day 4 (20 mg morning + 20 mg evening), Day 5 (20 mg morning + 30 mg evening), and from Day 6 onwards (30 mg morning + 30 mg evening). Swallow the tablets whole with water, with or without food.
The most common side effects are diarrhea and nausea, which typically occur during the first two weeks of treatment and usually resolve within four weeks as your body adjusts. Other common side effects include upper respiratory tract infections, headache, decreased appetite, and weight loss. The 5-day dose titration schedule is designed to minimize these initial gastrointestinal effects. Most side effects are mild to moderate in severity.
No, apremilast is contraindicated during pregnancy due to reproductive toxicity observed in animal studies. Women of childbearing potential must use effective contraception during treatment and for at least 28 days after the last dose. A pregnancy test is recommended before starting treatment. If you become pregnant while taking apremilast, stop the medication immediately and contact your doctor.
Apremilast has a relatively favorable drug interaction profile. The most important interaction is with strong CYP3A4 enzyme inducers such as rifampicin, phenobarbital, phenytoin, and carbamazepine, which can significantly reduce apremilast blood levels and should be avoided. St. John's Wort should also be avoided. Apremilast can be safely combined with methotrexate, oral contraceptives, and most other common medications without dose adjustment.
The time to response varies by condition. For psoriatic arthritis, clinical improvements are typically seen within 16 weeks, with reassessment recommended at 24 weeks. For plaque psoriasis, some improvement may be noticed within 2–4 weeks, but maximum benefit is generally achieved after 16–24 weeks. For oral ulcers in Behçet's disease, pain reduction and decreased ulcer numbers may be observed within 6–12 weeks. It is important to continue treatment as prescribed even if improvements are not immediately noticeable.
Unlike many other immunomodulatory treatments, apremilast generally does not require routine laboratory monitoring. There is no need for regular blood counts, liver function tests, or kidney function tests during treatment. However, your doctor may recommend monitoring your weight regularly, as weight loss can occur. Additionally, patients with pre-existing renal impairment may need kidney function checks. Your doctor will advise you based on your individual health profile.
References
- European Medicines Agency (EMA). Apremilast – Summary of Product Characteristics. Last updated 2025. Available at: www.ema.europa.eu
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Otezla (apremilast) – Prescribing Information. Revised 2024. Available at: www.accessdata.fda.gov
- Kavanaugh A, et al. Treatment of psoriatic arthritis in a phase 3 randomised, placebo-controlled trial with apremilast, an oral phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(6):1020-1026. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-205056
- Papp K, et al. Apremilast, an oral phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, in patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis: Results of a phase III, randomized, controlled trial (ESTEEM 1). J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015;73(1):37-49. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2015.03.049
- Hatemi G, et al. Trial of Apremilast for Oral Ulcers in Behçet's Syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(20):1918-1928. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1816594
- Gossec L, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of psoriatic arthritis with pharmacological therapies: 2023 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2024;83(6):706-719. doi:10.1136/ard-2023-224558
- Menter A, et al. Joint AAD-NPF Guidelines of Care for the Management and Treatment of Psoriasis with Awareness and Attention to Comorbidities. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;80(4):1073-1113. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2018.11.058
- Smith CH, et al. British Association of Dermatologists guidelines for biologic therapy for psoriasis 2023. Br J Dermatol. 2023;189(3):234-260. doi:10.1093/bjd/ljad180
- World Health Organization (WHO). Model List of Essential Medicines, 23rd List. 2023. Available at: www.who.int
- Crowley J, et al. Long-term safety and tolerability of apremilast in patients with psoriasis: Pooled safety analysis for ≥156 weeks from 2 phase 3, randomized, controlled trials (ESTEEM 1 and 2). J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;77(2):310-317.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2017.01.052
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